Kinetic and thermochemical study of the antioxidant activity of sulfur-containing analogues of vitamin E

Sulfur-containing analogues of vitamin E (thiachromanols), either linked or not to a catechol moiety, were synthesized and their hydrogen-atom donating ability evaluated. The determination of the O--H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of the alpha-tocopherol analogue 4 by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) equilibration technique provided a value of 78.9 kcal mol(-1), that is, approximately 1.8 kcal mol(-1) higher than that of alpha-tocopherol. The kinetic rate constants for the reaction with peroxyl radicals (kinh), measured by inhibited autoxidation studies, showed that thiachromanols react 2.5 times slower than the corresponding tocopherols, in agreement with the higher BDE value. This behavior was explained, on the basis of crystallographic analyses and DFT calculations, in terms of a change in the molecular geometry caused by insertion of a sulfur atom into the framework of vitamin E. This behavior implies a greater deviation of the condensed ring from coplanarity with the aromatic ring, thus giving rise to a decrease in the conjugative stabilization of the phenoxyl radical and consequently to an increase in the O--H bond strength. Although less reactive than tocopherols, thiachromanols may, however, act as bimodal antioxidants as a result of the hydroperoxide decomposing ability of the sulfur atom.     

Intermediates in the Autoxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide

ONOO^. is an important intermediate in the autoxidation of nitrogen monoxide by dioxygen. A formerly unknown red isomer of N₂O₄, ONOONO (see figure), formed in 2‐methylbutane at 113 K from nitrogen monoxide and dioxygen, is converted to O₂NNO₂ upon warming.

     

Synthesis of 2,2‐Bis‐C‐functionalized Chain Glucosid‐3‐ketals

Novel 2,2‐bis‐C‐functionalized chain glucosid‐3‐uloses have been synthesized in the form of ketal. The synthesis is rather convenient through one pot multistep reactions and no expensive reagents are involved. The products are formed via autoxidation‐Michael addition mechanism and their structures were characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Their crystal stuctures are stablilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and double‐strand supramolecular stacking is observed.     

Two-Dimensional Chromatographic Analysis of Polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymers Synthesized by Selective Oxidation of Polystrene-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane

Summary: The preparation of polystyrene block methyl methacrylate copolymers (PS-b-PMMA) is described. The polystyrene segment was prepared by anionic polymerization and the methylmethacrylate segment was prepared via free radical autoxidation of a borane agent attached to the styrene chain. 1 The chemistry involves a transformation of the anionic polymerization process to borane chemistry by firstly producing polystyrene with chain end unsaturated alkyl functional groups prepared using a n-butyllithium initiator and termination with allylchlorodimethylsilane. Secondly, the unsaturated macroinitiator end was hydroborated by 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) to produce a borane terminated PS. Thirdly, the borane group at the chain end was selectively oxidized and converted to polymeric radicals in the presence of methyl methacrylate which then initiated radical polymerization to produce block copolymers. The polymer obtained was characterized using several chromatographic techniques including LC-CC (liquid chromatography under critical conditions) for the polystyrene segments and two-dimensional chromatography with LC-CC in the first dimension and SEC in the second. The results show that block formation was successful although significant homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate is also obtained.     

3-Benzoyl-1,2,4,5-tetraphenylpentane-1.5-dione. A molecular paddlewheel

Racemic (2R,4R)-, (2S,4S)-3-benzoyl-1,2,4,5-tetraphenylpentane-1,5-dione results from the alkali-induced condensation of acetophenone with desoxybenzoin in the presence of air. The structure which resembles that of an irregular five-bladed paddlewheel is confirmed by X-ray crystallography.     

高超音速推进用吸热型烃类燃料的热稳定性研究Ⅰ.热氧化与热裂解沉积

考察了作为高超音速飞行器冷却剂的吸热型烃类燃料挂式四氢双环戊二烯exo-THDCPD、甲基环己烷MCH以及对比样航煤RP－3的热稳定性能。结果表明，三种燃料的热氧化沉积在某温度下存在波峰，热裂解沉积随温度升高迅速增加，基本呈指数关系。RP－3的热稳定性能最差，THDCPD与MCH较为接近，在高温时优于MCH。随进料流量的增加，热裂解沉积不断增加，热氧化沉积先增加，在高流量时趋于定值。Philips XL30 ESEM环境扫描电子显微镜分析表明，三者的热氧化沉积及热裂解沉积有着不同的形态。热裂解沉积均发现了含有金属微粒长条状的细丝碳，这一现象在MCH热裂解沉积中最为显著。     

Mechanism of Thermal Toluene Autoxidation

Aerobic oxidation of toluene (PhCH₃) is investigated by complementary experimental and theoretical methodologies. Whereas the reaction of the chain‐carrying benzylperoxyl radicals with the substrate produces predominantly benzyl hydroperoxide, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde originate mainly from subsequent propagation of the hydroperoxide product. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of benzaldehyde is also produced in primary PhCH₃ propagation, presumably via proton rather than hydrogen transfer. An equimolar amount of benzyl alcohol, together with benzoic acid, is additionally produced in the tertiary propagation of PhCHO with benzylperoxyl radicals. The “hot” oxy radicals generated in this step can also abstract aromatic hydrogen atoms from PhCH₃, and this results in production of cresols, known inhibitors of radical‐chain reactions. The very fast benzyl peroxyl‐initiated co‐oxidation of benzyl alcohol generates HO₂^. radicals, along with benzaldehyde. This reaction also causes a decrease in the overall oxidation rate, due to the fast chain‐terminating reaction of HO₂^. with the benzylperoxyl radicals, which causes a loss of chain carriers. Moreover, due to the fast equilibrium PhCH₂OOH+HO₂^.?PhCH₂OO^.+H₂O₂, and the much lower reactivity of H₂O₂ compared to PhCH₂OOH, the fast co‐oxidation of the alcohol means that HO₂^. gradually takes over the role of benzylperoxyl as principal chain carrier. This drastically changes the autoxidation mechanism and, among other things, causes a sharp decrease in the hydroperoxide yield.     

自然氧化偶联及其在碳氢功能化反应中的应用

氧化偶联作为一种经济、高效的化学键构建模式,在有机合成化学中得到了广泛的应用.近年来, Klussmann、焦宁和霍聪德等课题组通过发展简单、直接的自然氧化偶联反应,成功实现了一些Csp³-H和Csp²-H功能化反应,在该领域中取得了重要进展.我们就他们近年来在该领域的研究进展作一亮点评述.     

STUDIES ON BIO-ANTIOXIDANTS (Ⅴ)——INHIBITION OF AUTOXIDATION OF LINOLEIC ACID BY VITAMIN E, VITAMIN C AND LIPOPHILIC VITAMIN C DERIVATIVES IN MICELLES

The antioxidation activity of vitamin E, vitamin C and lipophilic derivatives of vitaminC, i.e. ascorbyl--6-caprylate, 6-laurate and 6-palmitate, on the autoxidation of linoleic acidwere studied in SDS, Triton X-100 and CTAB micelles. The effect of the lipophilicity ofthe antioxidants and micellar effects on the antioxidation activity are discussed.