双份饭法评估广州某高校学生膳食硼摄入情况

为研究用改良姜黄素分光光度法测定双份饭食物中硼含量,以评估高校学生膳食硼摄入情况,用双份饭法收集10名学生3d的食物样品,记录饮水量;食物样品在用饱和Ca(OH)2调至碱性后灰化,然后在酸性条件下硼转化为硼酸,与姜黄素反应生成红色络合物,比色定量;饮用水中硼采用国标姜黄素分光光度法测定.然后计算出调查对象硼摄入量.结果...     

Analysis of insecticides in honey by liquid chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry: comparison of different extraction procedures

The feasibility of different extraction procedures was tested and compared for the determination of 12 organophosphorus and carbamates insecticides in honey samples. In this sense, once the samples were pre-treated - essentially dissolved in hot water by stirring - and before they could be analyzed by liquid chromatography-ion trap-second stage mass spectrometry (LC-MS(2)), four different approaches were studied for the extraction step: QuEChERS, solid-phase extraction (SPE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The main aim of this work was to maximise the sensitivity of pesticides and to minimise the presence of interfering compounds in the extract. All pesticides were linear in the range from CC(β) to 1000× CC(β) for the four extraction methods (three orders of magnitude). Detection capabilities (CC(β)) were 0.024-1.155 mg kg(-1) with QuEChERS, 0.010-0.646 mg kg(-1) with SPE, 0.007-0.595 mg kg(-1) with PLE, and 0.001-0.060 mg kg(-1) with SPME. All the target compounds could be recovered by any of the methods, at a CC(β) fortification level ranged from 28 to 90% for the SPME. In comparison, the PLE method was the most efficient extraction method with recoveries from 82 to 104%. It was followed by the QuEChERS method with recoveries between 78 and 101% and the SPE method with recoveries between 72 and 100%. The repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSDs) was below 20% for all the pesticides by any of the tested extraction methods. Results obtained applying the four extraction techniques to real honey samples are analogous.     

分子印迹固相萃取技术在动物源食品中药物残留检测应用进展

以分子印迹材料作为特效吸附剂的分子印迹固相萃取技术具有从复杂样品中选择性吸附目标分子及其结构类似物的能力,较好地克服了由于样品复杂所带来的内源性干扰问题,因此非常适用于复杂样品的预处理与富集。本文介绍了分子印迹固相萃取技术的原理、最新进展以及相关萃取参数的优化过程,对近几年国内外分子印迹固相萃取技术在动物源食品中药物残留检测方面的应用进行了总结;阐明了分子印迹固相萃取技术在实际应用中存在的不足,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

应用多元统计技术研究动物产品中重金属的分布特征

采用直方图频率说明、参数分布拟合假设检验、非参数密度估计等多元统计技术,研究了铅、镉、汞、砷在不同动物源性产品中的分布特征,通过非参数方法给出了4种元素在不同产品中的密度分布函数曲线和经验分布函数曲线,以此解释了元素的分布特征,掌握了重金属的累积富集规律。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定动物源性食品中的磺胺增效剂

建立了一种超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）测定多种基质（鸡肉、鱼肉、鸡肝、鸡蛋和牛奶）中三甲氧苄氨嘧啶、二甲氧苄胺嘧啶和二甲氧甲基苄胺嘧啶的分析方法。样品用甲酸-乙腈（1：9,v/v）溶液提取,正己烷除脂净化,Acquity UPLC BEH C18柱（50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）分离,以甲醇和5 mmol/L醋酸铵（含0.1%（v/v）甲酸）作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子（ESI⁺）模式电离,多反应监测（MRM）模式检测。考察了3种提取溶液的提取效率,优化了净化条件和浓缩条件,并对流动相、柱温和固相萃取柱进行了优化。结果表明：三甲氧苄氨嘧啶、二甲氧苄胺嘧啶和二甲氧甲基苄胺嘧啶在1.25~30.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好（r≥0.99）。方法的定量限（S/N=10）为5.0 μg/kg,在5.0、10.0、20.0 μg/kg的添加浓度的回收率为61.2%~108.5%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）为1.1%~9.8%。该方法快速、灵敏、准确,适合于多种基质中磺胺增效剂的测定。     

GANRA类药物的抗辐射效应研究

以昆明小鼠为实验模型, 连续进行GANRA类药物灌胃3 d后, 使用8 Gy 100 kVp的X射线进行辐照处理, 然后对血象、 脏器指数、 小鼠存活率、 肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等参数进行了统计分析。 结果表明: (1) 药物灌胃对小鼠存活率没有影响。 辐照后, 小鼠存活率显著下降, 存活率下降至50%所需时间分别为: 照射对照组20 d、 DMSO组9 d、 1#药物组29 d、 5#药物组24 d; (2) 药物灌胃对小鼠脏器指数没有明显影响, 辐照后的对照组和DMSO组小鼠的肝脏指数、 脾脏指数升高, 药物组的脏器指数低于照射对照组和DMSO组; (3) 辐照导致各实验组的MDA水平升高、 SOD活性下降, 但是5#药物的SOD活性高于DMSO组、 MDA水平低于DMSO组; (4) 药物灌胃对小鼠血象没有产生明显毒性效应;辐照后各实验组小鼠的白细胞等都显著下降。 从上述实验结果可以看出, GANRA类1#和5#药物具有抗辐射作用, 其机制可能与GANRA类药物的自由基清除能力有关。 After three days of medicine administrated, Kunming mice were exposured to 8 Gy of 100 kVp X rays. Hemogram, viscere, survival, MDA yields and SOD activity were examined. Results showes that, (1) Survival of medicine administrated mice were similar to the control group. After irradiation, survival dropped significantly. It took 20 days for the control group to reach to 50% survival, while 9 days for DMSO group 29 days for 1# drug group, and 24 days for 5# drug group. (2) The medicine per se had no obvious impacts on visceral indexes. Liver index and spleen index of the control group and DMSO group were elevated after irradiated, while those of medicine administrated group did not change much. (3) The groups treated by DMSO and 1# drug had high yield of MDA, but low activity of SOD. Compared with DMSO group, 5# drug had high SOD activity while low MDA level. Irradiation increased MDA level but decreased SOD activity of every group, However, 5# drug still showed higher SOD activity and lower MDA level than DMSO group. (4) The medicine did not show distinctive contributions to variation of hemogram. In summary, our results demonstrated that GANRA like 1# and 5# medicine had radioprotective effects and their mechanisms might be related to the scavenging ability of free radicals.     

The effect of different fish feed compositions on δ13C and δ15N signatures of sea bass and its potential value for tracking mariculture-derived nutrients

Increasing demand for fish and seafood calls for an expansion of aquaculture production. At the same time, the status of the marine environment must not be jeopardised. Stable isotopes are potential markers for tracking feed-based nutrient flows from aquaculture into marine biota. Here, we demonstrate how four experimental diets (main protein components: fishmeal, soya protein concentrate, wheat gluten, and Jatropha kernel meal) and a commercial diet induce characteristic δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signals in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) during nine weeks of laboratory feeding under replicate conditions. The plant-protein-based diets containing wheat gluten and soya, and the commercial feed consistently induced the largest isotopic differentiation of the fish, both from the feed source and from the pre-experimental condition. The large difference of the fish on plant-protein-based diets compared to the range of natural isotopic variation in the macrozoobenthos of the North Sea lends support to the idea that plant-based feeds are suitable for tracing mariculture-derived organic matter under practical conditions. The commercial feed had a similar effect as the experimental feeds and would be a cost-effective option for an offshore aquaculture experiment.     

Flaxseed Increases Animal Lifespan and Reduces Ovarian Cancer Severity by Toxically Augmenting One-Carbon Metabolism

We used an LC-MS/MS metabolomics approach to investigate one-carbon metabolism in the plasma of flaxseed-fed White Leghorn laying hens (aged 3.5 years). In our study, dietary flaxseed (via the activity of a vitamin B6 antagonist known as “1-amino d-proline”) induced at least 15-fold elevated plasma cystathionine. Surprisingly, plasma homocysteine (Hcy) was stable in flaxseed-fed hens despite such highly elevated cystathionine. To explain stable Hcy, our data suggest accelerated Hcy remethylation via BHMT and MS-B12. Also supporting accelerated Hcy remethylation, we observed elevated S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an elevated SAM:SAH ratio, and elevated methylthioadenosine (MTA), in flaxseed-fed hens. These results suggest that flaxseed increases SAM biosynthesis and possibly increases polyamine biosynthesis. The following endpoint phenotypes were observed in hens consuming flaxseed: decreased physiological aging, increased empirical lifespan, 9–14% reduced body mass, and improved liver function. Overall, we suggest that flaxseed can protect women from ovarian tumor metastasis by decreasing omental adiposity. We also propose that flaxseed protects cancer patients from cancer-associated cachexia by enhancing liver function.     

Isotope (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H) diet–tissue discrimination in African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus: implications for forensic studies

Diet–tissue isotopic relationships established under controlled conditions are informative for determining the dietary sources and geographic provenance of organisms. We analysed δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, and non-exchangeable δ²H values of captive African grey parrot Psittacus erithacus feathers grown on a fixed mixed-diet and borehole water. Diet–feather Δ¹³C and Δ¹⁵N discrimination values were +3.8?±?0.3?‰ and +6.3?±?0.7?‰ respectively; significantly greater than expected. Non-exchangeable δ²H feather values (?62.4?±?6.4?‰) were more negative than water (?26.1?±?2.5?‰) offered during feather growth. There was no positive relationship between the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of the samples along each feather with the associated samples of food offered, or the feather non-exchangeable hydrogen isotope values with δ²H values of water, emphasising the complex processes involved in carbohydrate, protein, and income water routing to feather growth. Understanding the isotopic relationship between diet and feathers may provide greater clarity in the use of stable isotopes in feathers as a tool in determining origins of captive and wild-caught African grey parrots, a species that is widespread in aviculture and faces significant threats to wild populations. We suggest that these isotopic results, determined even in controlled laboratory conditions, be used with caution.     

应用差异光谱法建立绵羊采食复杂日粮干物质消化率模型的研究

研究旨在探讨利用放牧家畜“日粮—粪”差异光谱,建立干物质消化率模型的可行性。通过人工混合复杂日粮饲喂绵羊进行室内代谢试验,获得104份“日粮—粪”样品对,同时将相应的日粮和粪光谱做差获得104份差异光谱,将70份用于建模,34份用于检验。结合偏最小二乘法,利用差异光谱建立绵羊在采食成分较复杂时干物质消化率预测模型。最佳光谱范围为8 656～4 310 cm-1;光谱预处理方法以多元散射校正+一阶导数处理+Norris平滑(MSC+1st Deriv+Norris)处理的效果最好,最佳主因子数为7。经外部检验得到预测标准误差(RMSEP)为2.46%,相对标准误差(RPD)大于2.5,预测值与实际值的决定系数为0.833 9,说明所建近红外模型具有较好的预测效果。