Passive control of the flow around a square cylinder using porous media

The passive control of bluff body flows using porous media is investigated by means of the penalization method. This method is used to create intermediate porous media between solid obstacles and the fluid in order to modify the boundary layer behaviour. The study covers a wide range of two‐dimensional flows from low transitional flow to fully established turbulence by direct numerical simulation of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. A parametric study is performed to illustrate the effect of the porous layer permeability and thickness on the passive control. The numerical results reveal the ability of porous media to both regularize the flow and to reduce the drag forces up to 30%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and orientation study of a magnetically aligned liquid‐crystalline chitin/poly(acrylic acid) composite

A high magnetic field of 5 T was used to fabricate a magnetically aligned, optically anisotropic, liquid‐crystalline chitin/poly(acrylic acid) composite. The aligned mesophase was fixed by photoinitiated free‐radical polymerization. From an examination of polarized optical micrographs and an X‐ray diffraction study, a high degree of orientation of 0.70 was observed for the composite with a higher liquid‐crystalline chitin concentration (10.70 wt %); the orientation was reduced with a decreased chitin concentration at a given acrylic acid concentration. The X‐ray data for the developed composite showed a uniplanar orientation for the chitin crystallites, with its molecular long axes perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 711–714, 2003     

The modified characteristic finite difference fractional steps method for the coupled system of fluid dynamics in porous media and its analysis

For the coupled system of multilayer fluid dynamics in porous media, the modified characteristic finite difference fractional steps method applicable to parallel arithmetic is put forward and two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional schemes are used to form a complete set. Some techniques, such as calculus of variations, energy method, piecewise biquadratic interpolation, multiplicative commutation rule of difference operators, decomposition of high order difference operators and prior estimates are adopted. Optimal order estimates in L² norm are derived to determine the error in the approximate solution. This method has already been applied to the numerical simulation of multilayer fluid dynamics in porous media. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 665–681, 2003.     

Reactions of esters of tetracoordinated phosphorus acids with nucleophilic reagents in highly organized media

Characteristic features of reactions involving esters of phosphorus-containing acids in highly organized media (micelles, liquid crystals, vesicles, and emulsions) are surveyed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 298–312, February, 1996.     

神光-Ⅱ装置三倍频实验中靶场单元技术的改进

 主要介绍为了满足神光-Ⅱ高功率激光装置三倍频光（351nm，3ω）的物理实验要求，靶场三倍频模拟光源和瞄准监视系统两个主要单元技术的改进，即三倍频模拟光源由基频光（1 053nm，3ω）通过腔外的KTP+BBO晶体倍频获得，再经八路分光系统和主激光耦合；瞄准监视系统由透射式光学系统改进为反射式光学系统，避免原系统存在较大的色差，提高瞄准精度。     

An Extensive Assessment of Network Embedding in PPI Network Alignment

Network alignment is a fundamental task in network analysis. In the biological field, where the protein–protein interaction (PPI) is represented as a graph, network alignment allowed the discovery of underlying biological knowledge such as conserved evolutionary pathways and functionally conserved proteins throughout different species. A recent trend in network science concerns network embedding, i.e., the modelling of nodes in a network as a low-dimensional feature vector. In this survey, we present an overview of current PPI network embedding alignment methods, a comparison among them, and a comparison to classical PPI network alignment algorithms. The results of this comparison highlight that: (i) only five network embeddings for network alignment algorithms have been applied in the biological context, whereas the literature presents several classical network alignment algorithms; (ii) there is a need for developing an evaluation framework that may enable a unified comparison between different algorithms; (iii) the majority of the proposed algorithms perform network embedding through matrix factorization-based techniques; (iv) three out of five algorithms leverage external biological resources, while the remaining two are designed for domain agnostic network alignment and tested on PPI networks; (v) two algorithms out of three are stated to perform multi-network alignment, while the remaining perform pairwise network alignment.     

Study on the flow resistance of the dispersion system of deformable preformed particle gel in porous media using LBM-DEM-IMB method

After being injected into the porous media, the dispersion system of preformed particle gel (PPG) tends to enter high permeability regions and block water channeling passages, which forces the subsequent water to turn to the low permeability regions and thus increases sweep efficiency and enhances oil recovery. However, it is still unclear about the influence factors and the mechanisms how PPG increases water flow resistance, which limits the application of PPG in more oilfields. Therefore, the paper combines the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the discrete element method (DEM) and the improved immersed moving boundary (IMB) method to simulate the migration of deformable PPG in porous media. On the basis, the paper quantitatively analyzes the variation law of displacement pressure across the porous media and discusses the influence factors such as the PPG diameter, elasticity modulus and the number concentration. Results indicate that, because of the friction and retention of PPG in pore-throat, the displacement pressure across the porous media during PPG flooding is much higher than that during water flooding. In other words, the existence of PPG increases the flow resistance of injected water. Besides, the displacement pressure is always fluctuant resulting from the continuous process of PPG migration, retention, deformation and remigration. Influence factor analysis shows that the incremental value and fluctuation degree of flow resistance increase with the PPG diameter, elasticity modulus and the number concentration. The study not only provides useful reference for future PPG flooding, but also benefits the development of deformable particle flow theory.     

Frequency‐dependent NMR relaxation of liquids confined inside porous media containing an increased amount of magnetic impurities

Frequency‐dependent NMR relaxation studies have been carried out on water (polar) and cyclohexane (nonpolar) molecules confined inside porous ceramics containing variable amounts of iron oxide (III). The porous ceramics were prepared by compression of powders mixed with iron oxide followed by thermal treatment. The pore size distribution was estimated using a technique based on diffusion in internal fields that exposed a narrow distribution of macropore sizes with an average pore dimension independent of iron oxide content. The relaxation dispersion curves were obtained at room temperature using a fast field cycling NMR instrument. They display an increase of the relaxation rate proportional to the iron oxide concentration. This behavior is more prominent at low Larmor frequencies and is independent of the polar character of the confined molecules. The results reported here can be fitted well with a relaxation model considering exchange between molecules in the close vicinity of the paramagnetic centers located in the surface and bulk‐like molecules inside the pores. This model allows the extraction of the transverse diffusional correlation time that can be related to the polar character of the confined molecules. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.