反光板(合作目标)反射率测量仪

本文介绍了反光板（合作目标）反射率测量仪的研制。仪器采用对称双光路比较测量法，给定两束相等光通量的光束，分别作为参考光束和测试光束，并用分束器实现原光路取样，从而解决了合作目标反光板入射光线与反射光线重合不能用常规测试方法来检测的难题。由于采用对称双光路的方法，入射光通量是相对恒定的，不受外界因素影响，从而使反射率测量仪达到精度高、重复性好和环境要求低的设计要求。     

Random tunneling by means of acceptance-rejection sampling for global optimization

Any global minimization algorithm is made by several local searches performed sequentially. In the classical multistart algorithm, the starting point for each new local search is selected at random uniformly in the region of interest. In the tunneling algorithm, such a starting point is required to have the same function value obtained by the last local minimization. We introduce the class of acceptance-rejection based algorithms in order to investigate intermediate procedures. A particular instance is to choose at random the new point approximately according to a Boltzmann distribution, whose temperatureT is updated during the algorithm. AsT 0, such distribution peaks around the global minima of the cost function, producing a kind of random tunneling effect. The motivation for such an approach comes from recent works on the simulated annealing approach in global optimization. The resulting algorithm has been tested on several examples proposed in the literature.     

Feasibility of using solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for speciation analysis of volatile and non-volatile compounds of nickel and vanadium in crude oil

A method for the direct determination of volatile and non-volatile nickel and vanadium compounds in crude oil without previous treatment using direct solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is proposed. The crude oil samples were weighed directly onto solid sampling platforms using a microbalance and introduced into a transversely heated solid sampling graphite tube. In previous work of our group losses of volatile nickel and vanadium compounds have been detected, whereas other nickel and vanadium compounds were thermally stable up to 1300 and 1600 °C, respectively. In order to avoid this problem different chemical modifiers (conventional and permanent) have been investigated. With 400 μg of iridium as permanent modifier, the signal started to drop already after two atomization cycles, possibly because of an interaction of nickel (which is a catalyst poison) with iridium. Twenty micrograms of palladium applied in each determination was found to be optimum for both elements. The palladium was deposited on the platform and submitted to a drying step at 150 °C for 75 s. After that the sample was added onto the platform and submitted to the furnace program. The influence of sample mass on the linearity of the response and on potential measurement errors was also investigated using four samples with different nickel content. For the sample with the lowest nickel concentration the relationship between mass and integrated absorbance was found to be non-linear when a high sample mass was introduced. It was suspected that the modifier had not covered the entire platform surface, which resulted in analyte losses. This problem could be avoided by using 40 μL of 0.5 g L⁻¹ Pd with 0.05% Triton X-100. Calibration curves were established with and without modifier, with aqueous standards, oil-in-water emulsions and the certified reference material NIST SRM 1634c (trace metals in residual fuel oil). The sensitivity for aqueous standards and emulsions was close to that for SRM 1634c, making possible the use of aqueous standards for calibration. The limits of detection and quantification obtained for nickel and vanadium under this condition were found to be 0.02 and 0.06 μg g⁻¹, respectively, for both elements, based on 10 mg of sample. Nickel and vanadium were determined in the samples with (total Ni and V) and without the use of Pd (thermally stable compounds), and the concentration of volatile compounds was calculated by difference. The results were compared with those obtained by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by emulsion technique; no significant differences were found for total Ni and V at the 95% confidence level according to a Student's t-test.     

Sampling and local models for multivariate image analysis

Local models are a very important concept for microscopic and macroscopic imaging. Different methods of sub-sampling a multivariate image are described both in general and for three examples. The need for sub-sampling and its influence on multivariate image analysis and visualization are studied. Examples from MRI (256 × 256), satellite imaging (7 × 512 × 512) and biofuel studies (6 × 512 × 512) are used to illustrate some of the principles involved.     

Binding Ensembles of p53-MDM2 Peptide Inhibitors by Combining Bayesian Inference and Atomistic Simulations

Designing peptide inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 interaction against cancer is of wide interest. Computational modeling and virtual screening are a well established step in the rational design of small molecules. But they face challenges for binding flexible peptide molecules that fold upon binding. We look at the ability of five different peptides, three of which are intrinsically disordered, to bind to MDM2 with a new Bayesian inference approach (MELD × MD). The method is able to capture the folding upon binding mechanism and differentiate binding preferences between the five peptides. Processing the ensembles with statistical mechanics tools depicts the most likely bound conformations and hints at differences in the binding mechanism. Finally, the study shows the importance of capturing two driving forces to binding in this system: the ability of peptides to adopt bound conformations (ΔGconformation) and the interaction between interface residues (ΔGinteraction).     

Solid sampling Fourier transform infrared determination of Mancozeb in pesticide formulations

A series of approaches have been assayed for FTIR determination of Mancozeb in several solid commercial fungicides using different calibration strategies. The simplest procedure was based on the use of the ratio between the absorbance of a characteristic band of Mancozeb and that of a KSCN internal standard measured in the FTIR spectra obtained from KBr pellets. It was employed the quotient between peak height absorbance values at 1525 cm⁻¹ for Mancozeb and 2070 cm⁻¹ for KSCN. In these conditions a precision as relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.6% and a relative accuracy error of 0.8% (w/w) were found. For complex formulations, containing other compounds with characteristic absorption bands at different wavenumbers than Mancozeb, one of them was used as internal reference being employed the standard addition approach. In this case, the Mancozeb bands at 1525 cm⁻¹ or at 1289 cm⁻¹ were employed, being used the ferrocyanide band at 2075 cm⁻¹ as internal reference. RSD values between 0.7-1.4% and a relative accuracy error of 3% (w/w) were found. A third strategy was based on the use of partial least squares (PLS) calibration. A reference set was prepared mixing Mancozeb, Kaolin, Cymoxanil and KBr, being predicted the Mancozeb concentration in pesticide formulations by using the quotient between absorbance bands of Mancozeb and those of Cymoxanil. In these conditions a relative accuracy error of 0.6% (w/w) and a relative standard deviation of 1.3% were found.     

Filter Diagonalization with Finite Fourier Transform Eigenfunctions

Below, we briefly report on the progress in the development of the Filter Diagonalization technique when filtering is carried out with the aid of Finite Fourier Transform (FFT) eigenfunctions. During recent years interest in these functions, also known as ‘prolates’, or ‘slepians’, has increased among scientists doing research in the field of signal processing. The main explanation to this follows from the set of very special extremal and orthogonality properties exibited by the FFT eigenfunctions. Recent results of Walter and Shen on sampling with prolate spheroidal functions will necessary produce a new wave of interest. In the presented, Filter diagonalization machinery, we show that the sampling formula of Walter and Shen simplifies essentially the computation of matrix elements as certain 2D–integrals involving FFT eigenfunctions.     

A new approach for fluorine determination by solid sampling graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry

This work deals with the determination of fluorine by solid sampling graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry. The molecular absorbance of aluminum monofluoride (AlF), which is produced in the vapor phase in the presence of Al³⁺, is measured at 227.5 nm, a non-resonant platinum line. A conventional graphite furnace program has been used with pyrolysis and vaporization temperatures of 800 and 2300 °C, respectively. Solutions of Ba²⁺ and Al³⁺ have been used to avoid fluorine losses during the pyrolysis stage and to produce AlF in the vaporization stage, respectively. Certified coal and alumina samples were analyzed using aqueous standards for calibration. The agreement between the found concentration and the certified value, or the value obtained by another method ranged from 92 to 105%, with a relative standard deviation less than 8.5%. The limit of detection and the characteristic mass was 0.17 μg g^− 1 and 205 pg, respectively.     

New NIST sediment SRM for inorganic analysis

NIST maintains a portfolio of more than 1300 standard reference materials (SRM), more than a third of these relating to measurements in the biological and environmental fields. As part of the continuous renewal and replacement efforts, a set of new marine sediments has been recently developed covering organic and inorganic determinations. This paper describes the steps taken in sample preparation, homogeneity assay, and analytical characterization and certification with specific emphasis on SRM 2702 inorganics in marine sediment. Neutron activation analysis showed the SRM to be highly homogeneous, opening the possibility for use with solid sampling techniques. The certificate provides certified mass fraction values for 25 elements, reference values for eight elements, and information values for 11 elements, covering most of the priority pollutants with small uncertainties of only several percent relative. The values were obtained by combining results from different laboratories and techniques using a Bayesian statistical model. An intercomparison carried out in field laboratories with the material before certification illustrates a high commutability of this SRM.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at     

Microdialysis sampling and monitoring of uric acid in vivo by a chemiluminescence reaction and an enzyme on immobilized chitosan support membrane

A new detection system based on microdialysis sampling and chemiluminescence (CL) reaction was developed for in vivo monitoring of uric acid (UA) with high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy. The uric acid is indirectly monitored by CL detection of enzymatic reaction product formation (H₂O₂), catalyzed by Uricase. A microprobe was modified and coated with immobilized enzyme through a Streptavidin-biotin mediated linker by using a chitosan support membrane, polyurethane trapped ferrocene film is employed to protect the probe surface and diminish the interference from reductant molecules, which often are present in the blood (e.g. ascorbic acid). The earlier mentioned probe and the constructed sensor can detect uric acid in the range of 0.01-1 mM with detection limit (3σ) of 5 μM. Finally, the system is used to monitor uric acid (UA) variation through an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model. Following AMI-induced oxidative stress, the UA level decreases continuously, thus suggesting that UA plays a protective role as a substitute antioxidant. Furthermore, the in vivo monitoring results show good agreement with those obtained by a standard method, and the procedure is recommended for in vivo and real time monitoring of UA. In addition, the proposed method can be more accurate since the UA may be potentially oxidized by in vitro exposure to oxygen in the presence of a catalyst.