Analysis of Argan Oil Adulteration Using Infrared Spectroscopy

The determination of argan oil adulteration by other vegetable oils is a real analytical challenge. The authentication of argan oil needs fast and simple analytical techniques for quality control and testing. This study focuses on the detection and quantification of argan oil adulteration with different edible oils, using midinfrared spectroscopy with chemometrics. Chemometric treatment of MIR spectra has been assessed for the classification and quantification of argan oil adulteration with sunflower or soybean oils. The potential of MID spectroscopy combined with partial least squares regression (PLS) as a rapid analytical technique for the quantitative determination of adulterants in argan oil has been demonstrated. A PLS model has been established to predict the concentration of soybean and sunflower oil as adulterants in the calibration range between 0% and 30% (w/w) in argan oil with good prediction performances in the external validation.     

Solid‐phase extraction assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet to determine sildenafil and its analogues in dietary supplements

A novel analytical method for the simultaneous determination of the concentration of sildenafil and its five analogues in dietary supplements using solid‐phase extraction assisted reversed‐phase dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet combined with ion‐pairing liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector was developed. Parameters that affect extraction efficiency were systematically investigated, including the type of solid‐phase extraction cartridge, pH of the extraction environment, and the type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvent. The method linearity was in the range of 5.0–100 ng/mL for sildenafil, homosildenafil, udenafil, benzylsildenafil, and thiosildenafil and 10–100 ng/mL for acetildenafil. The coefficients of determination were ≥0.996 for all regression curves. The sensitivity values expressed as limit of detection were between 2.5 and 7.5 ng/mL. Furthermore, intraday and interday precisions expressed as relative standard deviations were less than 5.7 and 9.9%, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of sildenafil and its five analogues in complex dietary supplements.     

A Comparison of the Composition of Selected Commercial Sandalwood Oils with the International Standard

Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested “sandalwood” oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of Santalum album. In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of Amyris balsamifera oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing Santalum album oil and two samples containing Amyris balsamifera oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.     

Characterization of Gasoline by Raman Spectroscopy with Chemometric Analysis

A rapid Raman spectroscopy protocol is reported to classify gasoline according to its distributor and to identify and quantify common adulterants. Gasoline from three distributors was collected from 19 stations in São Paulo, Brazil. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed specific clusters for each distributor, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) correctly identified the origin of the samples. To evaluate the technique for the identification and quantification of the adulterants, authentic samples from each distributor were fortified at levels from 2.5 up to 25.0% (v/v) using ethanol, methanol, toluene, and turpentine to obtain 120 altered samples. PCA showed clear separation among the samples with the adulterants and PLS-DA precisely identified the adulterants (478 in 480 predictions by cross-validation), irrespective of the distributor and the concentration. One classification model was used to characterize all distributors. To quantify the adulterants, 36 multivariate calibration models were constructed using partial least squares (PLS), interval PLS, and PLS genetic algorithm for each distributor and for each adulterant. Cross-validation errors of less than 5.0% were obtained for all adulterants regardless of the distributor. Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis were shown to be powerful for rapid and inexpensive for the characterization of gasoline origin and the identification and quantification of common adulterants.     

减肥产品中非法添加西布曲明类似物的ESI-MS/MS检测与确证

通过分析西布曲明和减肥类健康产品中未知化合物质谱图的质谱信息,由高分辨串联质谱获得裂解碎片离子的精密质量数,质谱软件给出碎片的可能组成,推测了西布曲明和未知化合物的质谱裂解途径,进而推测出该化合物的结构。并通过合成该结构的化合物,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法对样品作确证检验,证实样品中添加了新的西布曲明类似物。该实验提供了一种可用于检测和确证健康产品中非法添加合成药物未知类似物的方法。     

高效液相色谱法同时快速测定凉茶中11种非法添加化学药物

采用核-壳亚3μm色谱柱建立了高效液相色谱同时测定凉茶中11种非法添加药物(对乙酰氨基酚、阿司匹林及其降解物水杨酸、磺胺甲唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、洛美沙星、土霉素、强力霉素)的方法。样品经甲醇-乙腈(1∶1)超声提取,安捷伦Poroshell 120 EC C18(100 mm×4.6mm,2.7μm)色谱柱分离,以0.1%三氟乙酸三乙胺溶液(p H 3.0)-甲醇-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.2 m L/min,柱温35℃,采用二极管阵列检测器检测,外标法定量。11种成分的线性范围为0.5~25 mg/L,相关系数均不小于0.998 2,检出限为1~5 mg/L,平均回收率为86.9%~108.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.5%~1.4%。按上述方法对286批凉茶样品进行检测,发现9批阳性样品,检出成分为对乙酰氨基酚、阿司匹林及其水解物水杨酸、磺胺甲唑。阳性样品进一步采用液质联用法定性确证。该方法操作简便、灵敏、准确,适用于凉茶中11种化学成分的测定。     

Quantification of Corn Adulteration in Wet and Dry-Processed Peaberry Ground Roasted Coffees by UV–Vis Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

In this present research, a spectroscopic method based on UV–Vis spectroscopy is utilized to quantify the level of corn adulteration in peaberry ground roasted coffee by chemometrics. Peaberry coffee with two types of bean processing of wet and dry-processed methods was used and intentionally adulterated by corn with a 10–50% level of adulteration. UV–Vis spectral data are obtained for aqueous samples in the range between 250 and 400 nm with a 1 nm interval. Three multivariate regression methods, including partial least squares regression (PLSR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and principal component regression (PCR), are used to predict the level of corn adulteration. The result shows that all individual regression models using individual wet and dry samples are better than that of global regression models using combined wet and dry samples. The best calibration model for individual wet and dry and combined samples is obtained for the PLSR model with a coefficient of determination in the range of 0.83–0.93 and RMSE below 6% (w/w) for calibration and validation. However, the error prediction in terms of RMSEP and bias were highly increased when the individual regression model was used to predict the level of corn adulteration with differences in the bean processing method. The obtained results demonstrate that the use of the global PLSR model is better in predicting the level of corn adulteration. The error prediction for this global model is acceptable with low RMSEP and bias for both individual and combined prediction samples. The obtained RPD_p and RER_p in prediction for the global PLSR model are more than two and five for individual and combined samples, respectively. The proposed method using UV–Vis spectroscopy with a global PLSR model can be applied to quantify the level of corn adulteration in peaberry ground roasted coffee with different bean processing methods.     

Mn的掺入对LaSrCo1-xMnxO4催化剂催化性能的影响

采用无定形聚合体分解法,在较低温度及空气气氛下合成了具有类钙钛矿型结构的LaSrCO1-xMnxO4(x=0.1,0.3,0.5)催化剂,以CO氧化为探针反应,运用XRD、BET、DTA、DTG、XPS等手段进行表征。结果表明:低于500℃,样品的前驱体分解为组成LaSrCo1-xMnxO4复合氧化物的物种,且650℃焙烧6h后,均形成类钙钛矿型结构;焙烧温度严重影响颗粒大小及比表面积;随着锰的掺入量增多,LaSrCo1-xMnxO4复合氧化物中Co2 的特征峰强度减弱;Mn的2p3/2结合能显示锰元素主要以Mn3 形式存在,锰的含量对Mn的2p3/2结合能的影响甚微;CO氧化反应的催化活性与LaSrCo1-xMnxO4复合氧化物的B位正三价离子含量及晶格氧的脱附量有密切联系,掺入适量的锰,有利于促进CO氧化活性的改善。     

Effects of Doped Elements on Electrochemical Performance of Ni（OH）2 Materials

High energy ball milling(HEBM)method was applied to synthesize Ni(OH)2 with different doped elements substitution for Ni2 .The morphology,structure and electrochemical behavior of prepared powders were studied.The results reveal that all the synthesized Ni(OH)2 particles were in sub-micron sizes and greatly agglomerated.Co-,Mg-,Fe-or Mn-doped Ni(OH)2 was of β-phase with 0.400-0.500 nm crystal interlayer distance,while Al-and Zn-doped products displayed α-phase with larger crystal interlayer spaces.The electrochemical mechanisms of synthesized Ni(OH)2 electrodes were discussed by EIS spectra.The specific capacity of Co-doped Ni(OH)2 is 245 mA·h·g-1,i.e.,60 mA·h·g-1 higher than that of Al-doped electrode,which has the highest discharging platform of a mid-voltage of 1.30 V.