Water adsorption on the surface of Ni‐ and Co‐based layer‐structured cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries

Ni‐based layer‐structured cathode materials are more vulnerable to moisture than conventional LiCoO₂ cathodes, adsorbing more water and easily forming LiOH on the surface. This study investigated the moisture adsorption mechanism on the surface of layer‐structured cathodes. The behavior of water molecules on LiCoO₂ and LiNiO₂ surfaces were simulated and the structural and chemical changes during the adsorption process were analyzed by first‐principles methods. It was found that the adsorption occurs via two types of mechanism: one involving ionic interactions between Li on the crystal surface and O in the adsorbate, and the other involving covalent bonding between the transition metal (TM) on the surface and O in the adsorbate, which restores the coordination of the TM by recovering its broken bonds. The difference between the water adsorption behaviors of Ni‐based and Co‐based layer‐structured cathodes was found to be mainly due to the ionic‐interaction‐driven adsorption on the (003) surface.     

MoS_2@Co_9S_8蛋黄壳复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

近年来,过渡金属硫化物已成为锂离子电池理想的负极材料之一。其中,MoS_2具有的独特二维层状结构使得其能够让Li+在电化学反应中可逆地嵌入和脱出,且拥有较高的理论储锂容量(670 m A·h/g)而受到广泛关注。但MoS_2作为典型的半导体材料,电导率低下且在锂离子嵌入-脱出的过程中会发生较大程度的体积收缩膨胀,所以具有较差的倍率性能和循环性能,限制了其商业化的使用。很多研究通过优化MoS_2结构或与其它导电材料复合来克服上述缺陷。Co_9S_8具有较高的电导率,但由于其迟缓的离子传输动力学表现出低的首次库仑效率及较差的循环稳定性,基于此,将MoS_2与Co_9S_8结合利用二者协同效应来提高复合材料的电化学性能。本文采用溶剂热与气相沉积法制备得MoS_2@Co_9S_8蛋黄结构复合材料电极。MoS_2与Co_9S_8均匀分布于整个蛋黄壳结构,这有利于电子和锂离子的快速传输,从而有效地提升了电极的循环性能和倍率性能。其次,蛋黄壳的空穴有效缓解了在充放电过程中的体积膨胀,及其活性位点有效缩短了离子和电子的传输距离,提高了电极反应动力学并获得高比容量。MoS_2@Co_9S_8蛋黄壳复合物的循环性能与倍率性能在同等条件下均高于Co_9S_8和MoS_2,在电流密度为0.2 A/g下循环500圈后,放电容量仍能维持在631.5 m A·h/g。     

废旧碱性电池水热法制备纳米晶锰锌铁氧体的研究

以废旧碱性电池为原料采用水热法制备出了纳米晶锰锌铁氧体,并对制备过程的影响因素进行了探讨,借助于XRD、TEM等手段对制备过程跟踪检测,并对产物进行了表征。结果表明,适宜的制备条件为:溶液pH值为10.0,水热温度为180℃,水热时间为4h,采用逆加料方式和加入冰乙酸作为添加剂均可制得粒径更小、分散性更为优良的纳米晶,产物粒径可达17nm左右。     

脉冲激光沉积GeO2薄膜的电化学性能

采用脉冲激光沉积法在不锈钢基片上制备了GeO₂薄膜。充放电性能显示其具有高达1 336 mAh·g^-1可逆容量，这相当于每个GeO₂可与5.1个Li发生反应。其循环伏安特性显示在1.2 V和0.4 V处出现一对新的氧化还原峰。充放电后薄膜的组成与结构通过非原位高分辨电子显微和选区电子衍射来表征。结果显示在外电场作用下，Ge能够可逆地驱动Li₂O分解和形成。这是金属氧化物的一种新的电化学反应机理。     

Controlled-potential electrolysis of copper foil and graphite-coated copper foil in a nonaqueous 1 M LiPF6 in a ternary organic carbonate solvent

Controlled-potential electrolysis of battery-grade copper foil and graphite-coated copper foil electrodes in a typical lithium ion battery electrolyte (1 M LiPF₆ in propylene carbonate:ethylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate [1:1:3 vol.]) was performed in order to construct Tafel plots to obtain values of the exchange current, i₀, and transfer coefficient, α. The transfer coefficients of both electrodes were found to be small (α = 0.25), which was consistent with an assumption of a dominant anodic process in the cell. At room temperature, the graphite-coated copper foil was found to have a higher exchange current than the copper foil. This can be explained by the intercalation of lithium ions into the graphite coating which increases the electron transfer rate. In the range of 0 °C to 50 °C, the exchange currents of both electrodes increased with temperature, but at different rates, while the transfer coefficients were not significantly affected by temperature.     

锂离子电池用Li4Ti5O12-碳复合材料的制备与电化学性能

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-C composite was prepared by sol-gel method using ethyl alcohol as solvent, lithium acetate and tetrabutyl titanate as raw materials, and graphite as carbon source. Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-C composites were characterized by thermogravimertric(TG) analysis and differential thermal analysis(DTA), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical tests. Results show that Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-C composite with 5% carbon containing can be obtained by annealing the precursor at 600 ℃ for 6 h in N₂ atomsphere. The composites can deliver a specific capacity of 167.1 mAh·g^-1, 99.0% and 105.1% of the capacity can be retained after discharged for 80 times at 0.1C and 2.0C, respectively. Compared with pure Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂-C composite shares larger discharge capacity, better cyclability and rate performance.     

Li?CO2电池机理、催化剂和性能研究进展

对化石能源依赖所造成的能源安全和环境污染等问题限制了人类社会的可持续发展。 Li-CO2电池能量密度高、原材料成本低廉且结构简单,因而被认为是开发和利用可再生清洁能源的有力技术,在住宅能量存储、电动汽车驱动和智能电网等领域具备良好的应用前景。此外, CO2等温室气体的大量排放是全球变暖的主要原因, Li-CO2电池放电时可将空气中的 CO2还原固定,生成的碳材料可用作燃料和化工原料,在资源利用化上提供了新途径。 Li-CO2电池是建立在锂-空气电池的基础上。相比大气中的其他成分, H2O与 CO2对该电池的影响很大。防水膜可以减少水的影响;而在放电过程中, CO2的存在会生成 Li2CO3, Li2CO3是可以分解的。由此可见, CO2在可充放的锂电池中作为正极活性成分储能,从而被利用起来。目前 Li-CO2电池至少面临三个问题：(1)电池充放电的机理尚不完全清楚,并且以 O2和 CO2混合气为活性气体的机理与以纯 CO2为活性气体的机理是有差别的, Li2CO3的生成与分解的机制仍在探索中;(2)电解液的稳定性;(3)寻找高效的正极催化剂材料。
　　本文介绍了 Li-CO2电池的发展历程,讨论了 Li-CO2电池的充放电机理、电解液的影响以及正极催化材料的选取等。综述了活性气体为纯 CO2和 CO2-O2混合气时机理的差别,以及 CO2/O2混合比对电池性能的影响。选取电解液应考虑其粘度和介电性。高效能的正极催化材料大多具有高导电性、多孔结构和大的比表面积等特点。而温度也是影响 Li-CO2电池性能的因素之一。虽然 Li-CO2电池的概念相对较新,但可实现 CO2在能源储存与转化领域中的应用,并为 Li-O2电池向锂空气电池飞跃提供了重要参考。本文以如何提高正极材料的催化性能和 Li2CO3的生成和分解机理为重点,总结了正极材料所具有的导电性、比表面积、特殊结构等特点,以及相关机理。     

ZnCo2O4纳米颗粒组装的毛线团状的微球用于锂离子电池负极材料

通过液相共沉淀法获得Zn和Co的前驱,经过600℃煅烧处理获得ZnCo₂O₄纳米颗粒组装的毛线团状的微球。电化学测试表明,在0.5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环200次可逆比容量保持为965 mAh·g^-1;在0.8 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环350次可逆比容量保持为882 mAh·g^-1。倍率性能测试表明在2 A·g^-1的电流密度时可逆比容量为736 mAh·g^-1。     

微波消解ICP-MS法测定锂离子电池石墨负极材料中9种痕量元素

建立微波消解–ICP–MS法测定锂离子电池石墨负极材料中Al,Cr,Cu,Fe,K,Na,Ni,Pb,Zn 9种痕量元素含量的方法。采用硝酸–盐酸体系微波消解样品,稀释后用ICP–MS法测定样品消解溶液中9种痕量元素的含量。在优化仪器工作参数后,采用同位素和He模式克服质谱干扰。9种元素的质量浓度与质谱强度具有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 1~0.999 8,检出限为0.132~3.700 mg/kg。加标回收率为98.4%~101.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.3%~3.6%(n=6)。该方法测定结果准确可靠,可用于锂离子电池石墨负极材料中痕量元素的测定。