汉魏两晋南北朝儒家经典与童蒙教育

儒家经典是中国古代童蒙教育的源泉和最主要的内容,魏晋南北朝儿童儒家经典的启蒙教育与察举制的变迁紧密相关。本文从察举时代汉代经学的整理、《五经》博士设置、魏晋玄学的兴起,以及南北朝分裂政局变化等角度探讨该时期经学发展与童蒙教育的关系。笔者认为汉代大致确立了儿童教育以《孝经》《论语》等儒家经典为主的格局,南北朝童蒙教育加强了对《五经》的教育,并受玄学一定程度的影响。南朝士族强盛、儒学兴盛,士族之家的儿童修习《五经》的情况较为常见,北朝相较而言,处于劣势,儿童修习《五经》的数量偏少,年龄偏大,反映了南北朝时期儿童修习《五经》的情况与南北朝《五经》博士设置、家学水平、私人讲学,以及察举制度的选才标准等诸多因素有着密切关系。     

高效液相法测定胃康片中呋喃唑酮、甘珀酸钠和盐酸小檗碱

 用高效液相 (HPLC)梯度洗脱法同时测定复方胃康片中呋喃唑酮、甘珀酸钠和盐酸小檗含量。使用No va PakC18柱 ,以乙腈和 0 0 2mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液 (pH 7 0 )为流动相 ,3,5 二硝基苯甲酸作为内标溶液 ,使用UV检测器 ,在 2 5 4nm处对样品中上述 3种成分进行测定。测定结果表明 ,呋喃唑酮在 14 1 2mg/L～ 12 70 8mg/L、甘珀酸钠在 10 0 6mg/L～ 90 5 4mg/L、盐酸小檗碱在 99 2mg/L～ 892 8mg/L时其相对峰面积 (标准品与内标的峰面积之比 )与进样质量浓度有良好的线性关系 ,其线性相关系数分别为r =0 9997,r =0 9995和r =0 9991。     

洛阳北魏大市遗址出土玻璃珠成分分析

采用原子吸收光谱法（ＡＡＳ）洛阳北魏大市遗址出土的玻璃珠成分和用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）技术研究了其晶体结构,实验结果显示了玻璃珠主要成分Ｎａ２Ｏ、Ｋ２Ｏ、ＣａＯ、ＭｇＯ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＣｕＯ、ＰｂＯ、ＭｎＯ、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＺｎＯ、ＮｉＯ、ＳｉＯ２和给出了其ＸＲＤ图,并以这些实验数据为依据讨论了玻璃珠的来源及形态。     

Simultaneous determination of four secoiridoid and iridoid glycosides in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study

A simple, reliable and rapid ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of four secoiridoid (gentiopicroside, swertiamarin, sweroside) and iridoid glycosides (loganic acid), the bio‐active ingredients in rat plasma. After liquid–liquid extraction, chromatographic separation was accomplished on a Shim‐pack XR‐ODS column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water. A triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry equipped with an electrospray ionization source was used as detector operating both in positive and negative ionization mode and operated by multiple‐reaction monitoring scanning. The lower limits of quantitation were 0.25–30 ng/mL for all the analytes. Both intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy of analytes were well within acceptance criteria (±15%). The mean extraction recoveries of analytes and internal standard (amygdalin) from rat plasma were all >71.4%. The validated method was successfully applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of four analytes in rat plasma between normal and arthritic rats after oral administration of Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan and Gentiana macrophylla extract, respectively. Results showed significant differences in pharmacokinetic properties of the analytes among the different groups. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A UPLC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of three monoterpene glycosides and four alkaloids in rat plasma: application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan and single herb extract

The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and reliable ultra performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method for simultaneous quantitation of three monoterpene glycosides (paeoniflorin, alibiflorin and oxypaeoniflorin) and four alkaloids (tetrahydropalmatine, corydaline, dehydrocorydaline and berberine), the main active ingredients of Radix Paeoniae Rubra extract (RPE) and Corydalis yanhusuo extract (CYE) in Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan (HLXLD), and to compare the pharmacokinetics of these active ingredients in normal and arthritic rats orally administrated with HLXLD or RPE/CYE alone. The analytes and internal standard (IS) (geniposide) were separated on a XBridge C₁₈ column (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) using gradient elution with the mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.01% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The detection of the analytes was performed on Acquity UPLC‐MS/MS system with an electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode via polarity switching between negative (for monoterpene glycosides) and positive (for alkaloids) ionization mode. The lower limits of quantification were 2.5, 1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.2, 0.02 and 0.01 ng/ml for paeoniflorin, alibiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, tetrahydropalmatine, corydaline, dehydrocorydaline and berberine, respectively. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy of analytes were well within acceptance criteria (15%). The mean extraction recoveries of analytes and IS from rat plasma were all more than 83.1%. The validated method has been successfully applied to determination of the analytes. Results showed that there were remarkable differences in pharmacokinetic properties of the analytes between herbal formula and single herb group, normal and arthritic group. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Eremophilenolides from Cacalia Roborowskii

ThegenusCacaliabelongstothetribesenecioneae,facelyCompositae,andcomprisesmorethan60speciesoccurringinChina,'ofwhichca.26specieslacelongbeenusedasChinesetradihonalfolkherb.2SeveralspeciesofthegenusCacahawereinvestigatedduetotheirantioxidantantiradical,andantiltistamineactivities.3Thepresenceofpyrrolizidinealkaloidsandsesquitefpenesinmanyspeciesoftribesenencioneaceiswelldocumented.'"InacontinuahonoftileStudyontilesmictureswiUIbioactivitiesfromtileCacahagenus,wereportheretheisolahonandsmictta…     

Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitation of five phthalides in rat plasma: Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan and herb‐pair extract

A fast, sensitive, and reliable ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation and pharmacokinetic study of five phthalides (senkyunolide A, ligustilide, butylidenephthalide, 3‐butylphthalide, and levistilide A) in rat plasma after oral administration of Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan (HLXLD) or Angelica sinensis‐‐Ligusticum chuanxiong herb pair (DG‐CX) between normal and arthritis rats. After extraction from blood, the analytes and internal standard were subjected to ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography with a Shim‐pack XR‐ODS column (75 × 3.0 mm², 2.2 μm particles) and mobile phase was composed of methanol and water (containing 0.05% formic acid) under gradient elution conditions, with an electrospray ionization source in the positive ionization and multiple reaction monitoring mode. The lower limits of quantification were 0.192–0.800 ng/mL for all the analytes. Satisfactory linearity, precision, accuracy, mean extraction recovery, and acceptable matrix effect have been achieved. The validated method was successfully applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of five bioactive components in rat plasma after oral administration of HLXLD or DG‐CX alone, respectively, between normal and arthritic rats. The results showed that there were unlike characters of pharmacokinetics among different groups.     

基于选择模式的幂律生成机制

自然界与社会生活中存在多种性质迥异的幂律分布现象,因而对它们的研究具有广泛而深远的意义．研究了一类由于人类的选择行为而产生的幂律现象,提出了人类选择行为的两个特性：理性与自利．据此,通过小球选择试验构建了模型．研究发现,这类幂律现象中随机变量服从一种近似于Zipf分布的分布．此分布为首次提出的一种新分布,将它命名为偏序分布．网络中已有的统计数据表明,偏序分布比Zipf分布更真实的反应了网络中统计变量服从的分布．文中对偏序分布进行了理论分析,并通过约束条件的改变,生成了Yule分布;表述了Yule分布的物理意义,并构造了比Yule分布更具现实意义的分布．说明了选择理论在解释幂律现象方面的普遍适用性及模型的可扩展性．文中在幂律现象的成因上支持还原论,即简单的人类选择行为导致了普遍的幂律现象． 关键词： 选择行为 幂律分布 偏序分布 Yule分布     

仲景胃灵片中芍药苷的含量测定

采用SPE -高效液相色谱法测定仲景胃灵片中芍药苷的含量 ;以甲醇 -水 (体积比30∶70)为流动相 ,IntersilODS(3)柱 (250mm×4.6mm ,5μm)为固定相 ,流速为1mL/min,检测波长为230nm ;芍药苷的测定在11.55～92.40mg/L范围内线性关系良好 ,平均回收率为99.9% ,RSD为1.6% ;方法简单 ,灵敏度高 ,可用于仲景胃灵片中芍药苷的含量测定。