A Model for Studying Display Methods of Statistical Graphics

Abstract

A method of statistical graphics consists of two parts: a selection of statistical information to be displayed and a selection of a visual display method to encode the information. Some display methods lead to efficient, accurate visual decoding of encoded information, and others lead to inefficient, inaccurate decoding. It is only through rigorous studies of visual decoding that informed judgments can be made about how to choose display methods. A model has been developed to provide a framework for the study of visual decoding. The model consists of three parts: (1) a two-way classification of information on displays—quantitative-scale, quantitative-physical, categorical-scale, and categorical-physical; (2) a division of the visual processing of graphical displays into pattern perception and table look-up; (3) a specification of visual operations that are employed to carry out pattern perception and table look-up. Display methods are assessed by studying the visual operations to which they lead. Studies use the theory and experimental technique of various areas of vision research including psychophysics, cognitive psychology, and computational vision. This process is illustrated by studies of three display methods: visual reference grids for graphs with juxtaposed panels and common scales, encoding a categorical variable on a scatterplot by the type of plotting symbol, and choosing the aspect ratio of a factor-response graph.     

Achromatic customized intraocular lens based on an individual pseudophakic eye model

Customized hybrid diffractive-refractive intraocular lens (IOL) has been designed based on an individual pseudophakic eye model constructed with the measured corneal topography data and the eye's axial lengths. The detailed designing and optimizing procedure is given. It is found that an eye with achromatic customized IOL would achieve super modulation transfer function (MTF) in both the scotopic and photopic conditions. The variation of MTF as colors is negligible, the chromatic focus shift is no more than 0.1 D, and the depth of focus is 3.0 D with quite high MTF. The achromatic customized IOL provides excellent visual performance for cataract patients. Moreover, individual pseudophakic eye model can be an effective tool for evaluating the optical performance of pseudophakic eye and the influence of clinical surgery deviation.     

Precise perimeter measurement for 3D object with a binocular stereo vision measurement system

A novel measurement scheme for a three dimensional (3D) object's surface boundary perimeter is proposed. This scheme consists of three steps. First, a binocular stereo vision measurement system with two CCD cameras is devised to obtain the two images of a detected object's 3D surface boundary. Second, two B-spline active contours are applied to converge to the object's contour edges accurately in the two CCD images to perform the stereo matching. Finally, for the reconstructed 3D active contour, its true contour length is computed as the detected object's true boundary perimeter. An experiment on a bent surface's perimeter measurement indicates that this scheme's measurement repetition error decreases to 0.6%.     

Precise curved surface area measurement with a light-pen vision measurement system

A novel measurement scheme for a three dimensional (3D) curved surface area is proposed. This scheme consists of three steps. First, a light-pen single-camera 3D coordinate vision measurement system is devised to obtain the 3D coordinates of a detected curved surface. Second, an improved 3D deformable surface model is applied to converge to the curved surface accurately. Finally, for the convergent deformable surface, the surface area is computed using an integration scheme based on a two-triangle area computation. An experiment on a small curved surface area measurement indicates that this scheme's measurement repetition error decreases to 0.5%, when the parametric step lengths of the deformable surface are 0.1.     

基于Visua C＋＋的非线性电路实验模拟

在Visual C＋＋开发环境下,通过龙格库塔方法求解非线性电路微分方程组,得到数值解并模拟显示李萨茹图形。在相同线路参数下模拟结果与实验室实验中观察到的结果一致,同时模拟显示可以容易地得到稳定的X,Y方向上的输出波形。通过该模拟实验可以很好地观察研究非线性电路中的混沌现象。     

近红外高光谱成像的微破损棉种可视化识别

优质棉种是全面推广棉花精量播种技术的基础。采用近红外高光谱成像技术实现微破损棉种可视化识别,为棉种精选设备的研制奠定理论基础。以未破损和微破损两类棉种各540粒作为样本(其中405粒作为建模集,135粒棉种作为预测集),分批采集874~1 734 nm范围的样本高光谱图像,提取光谱数据并去除首尾两端明显噪声保留955~1 659 nm范围内光谱为棉种样本的光谱。首先使用Kennard-Stone(KS)算法进行样本划分,并通过平滑算法Savitsky-Golay(SG)对光谱进行预处理。采用二阶导数光谱(2nd spectra)方法、连续投影算法(SPA)和主成分载荷(PCA-loading)方法分别选取10,14和11个特征波长。基于全部光谱数据和特征波长建立偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)模型、K最邻近(KNN)模型和支持向量机(SVM)模型,SPA-PLS-DA模型取得了较好的结果,建模集和预测集的鉴别率分别为91.50％和90.33％。基于SPA-PLS-DA模型分别对未破损样本和微破损样本及其混合样本图像进行识别,取得了较好的识别结果,微破损棉种的识别率达90%以上。结果表明,结合近红外高光谱成像和图像处理技术,能够实现微破损棉种的可视化识别。     

基于视觉注意机制的感兴趣区检测

提出了一种基于视觉注意机制的感兴趣区检测方法：使用分水岭方法分割图像区域;根据生物的视觉注意机制特性,选用中央周边差的采样方式提取图像特征,将不同维的图像特征融合为显著图;显著点经过竞争得到的注意焦点作为分水岭分割的种子点,然后融合显著图和分水岭分割区得到感兴趣区;遵循返回抑制和邻近优先的准则选择并转移注意焦点,从而计算区域的重要性或兴趣度.实验结果表明该方法符合生物的视觉注意机制,在自动检测感兴趣区时可以有效减少过分割,也能较好的处理大对象.     

基于光谱技术和支持向量机的生鲜猪肉水分含量快速无损检测

为实现生鲜肉水分含量的快速无损检测,在波长350～1 700 nm范围内采集生鲜猪肉98个样本的可见近红外反射光谱。经中值平滑滤波、多元散射校正和一阶微分复合预处理方法对原始光谱进行降噪处理。将样本数据随机分为训练集和测试集,以训练集交叉验证网格搜索法确定最佳惩罚参数,利用径向基核函数的支持向量机算法建立了支持向量机预测模型,并与偏最小二乘回归建模法进行比较。用径向基核函数的支持向量机算法所建模型对生鲜肉水分含量进行预测的结果为：训练集的预测相关系数R_c为0.96、标准差SEC为0.32,测试集的预测相关系数R_v为0.87、标准差SEV为0.67。实验结果证实用支持向量机所建模型适合于生鲜猪肉水分含量的无损快速检测。     

毫米波行波管电子光学系统的设计

 利用基于虚边界元法的VBGUN程序和基于边界元法的MOM程序,对一折叠波导毫米波行波管的电子光学系统进行了设计。设计过程中使用计算相关性系数的方法调节参数,通过计算敏感性系数以考察加工误差带来的影响。设计过程显示：低导流系数、小束腰、高压缩比的毫米波电子枪的层流性与电极尺寸相关性很大,易受到加工误差的影响;聚束系统的设计难点在于轴上峰值磁感应强度要受到漂移管半径的限制,这一点可以通过提高工作电压和降低电流来平衡,因此它的设计必须与慢波结构的设计同时进行。     

基于个性化模型的人眼色差对视功能影响的研究

利用光学设计软件Zemax,对人眼色差对视功能的影响进行了研究.对构建的个性化人眼模型进行离焦、像散和高阶像差矫正的模拟.视觉效果的提高受到了色差的很大限制.在中、高空间频率处,自然光下的调制传递函数约为单色光下的50%.在自然光下,传统视觉矫正能够获得1.2的视力,个性化视觉矫正能够获得1.5的视力,还远远达不到人们所期望的超视觉.