Synthesis of the Upstream Terminal Disaccharide of the O-Antigenic Polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O37

The terminal disaccharide of the O-antigenic polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O37, 4-O-methyl-α-D-QuiNAc-(1→4)-α-d-QuiNAc, was synthesized as methyl glycoside involving glycosylation between glycosyl donor ethyl 2-azido-3-O-benzyl-2,6-dideoxy-4-O-methyl-6-iodo-1-thio-α-d-glucopyranoside and glycosyl acceptor methyl 2-azido-3-O-benzyl-2,6-dideoxy-6-iodo-α-d-glucopyranoside. Dehalogenation, global deprotection, and reduction of the azide to amine were effected in one step by catalytic hydrogenation. It was followed by selective N-acetylation to give the desired deprotected disaccharide.     

Sesquiterpenes from Ligularia Fischeri

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Ligularia fischeri afforded two new sesquiterpenes 11‐hydroxy‐eremophil 1(10)‐en‐2,9‐dione (1) ; and 1β,11‐dihydroxy‐eremophil‐9‐ene (2) ; four known compounds (‐)‐4β,7α‐aromadendranediol (3) ; 1β,6α‐dihydroxyeudesm‐4(15)‐ene (4) ; Teucdiol A (5) ; Teucdiol B (6) . The new compound structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D‐NMR techniques.     

Assessment of the acute toxicity of triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater based on the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri

In this work, the contributions of triclosan and its metabolite methyl triclosan to the overall acute toxicity of wastewater were studied using Vibrio fischeri. The protocol used in this paper involved various steps. First, the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and methyl triclosan were determined for standard substances, and the 50% effective concentrations (EC₅₀) were determined for these compounds. Second, the toxic responses to different mixtures of triclosan, methyl triclosan, and surfactants were studied in different water matrices, i.e., Milli-Q water, groundwater and wastewater, in order to evaluate (i) the antagonistic or synergistic effects, and (ii) the influence of the water matrices. Finally, chemical analysis was used in conjunction with the toxicity results in order to assess the aquatic toxicities of triclosan and its derivative in wastewaters. In this study, the toxicities of 45 real samples corresponding to the influents and effluents from eight wastewater treatment works (WWTW) were analyzed. Thirty-one samples were from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) equipped with two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBR), and the influent and the effluent samples after various treatments were characterized via different chromatographic approaches, including solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), and SPE coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The toxicity was determined by measuring the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. In order to complete the study and to extrapolate the results to different WWTPs, the toxicity to V. fischeri of samples from seven more plants was analyzed, as were their triclosan and methyl triclosan concentrations. Good agreement was established between the overall toxicity values and concentrations of the biocides, indicating that triclosan is one of the major toxic organic pollutants currently found in domestic wastewaters.     

东方弧菌荧光酶的分离纯化和性质研究

东方弧菌518菌株于20℃摆床液体培养十六小时,菌数达最大,菌体内荧光素酶含量也较高,此时收获菌体.用超声波振动破碎细胞从中提取荧光酶粗液,经DEAE-纤维索和DEAE-sephadex柱层析得到纯化的酶.用葡聚糖凝胶层析法测得该酶分子量为87000道尔顿,用SDS-PAGE法测得该酶两个亚基分子量分别为44000(α)和41000(β). 该酶在pH6.8、18℃时活性最佳,对热不稳定.以FMNH2为底物催化发光反应,最高发射波长为490nm左右.其光谱特征与文献报道的东方孤菌整体发光的光谱相一致.     

Cottoquinazolines E and F from Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181

Two new norfumiquinazolines, cottoquinazolines E and F ( 1 and 2 , resp.), together with pyripyropene A ( 3 ), were isolated from the fungus Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181. The structures of the new isolates were established by spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on norfumiquinazolines and pyripyropenes produced by the genus Neosartorya.     

三疣梭子蟹溶藻弧菌疾病模型的构建

采用溶藻弧菌（107 CFU.mL-1）对三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）进行人工感染试验,于感染后0、24、48和72h分别观察蟹体的行动、体表及内部器官组织的病理变化,测定血细胞密度（THCs）及血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰腺3种主要组织中的碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）水平.结果表明：三疣梭子蟹感染溶藻弧菌24h后其行动、体表及内部器官组织等病理症状逐渐明显,肝胰腺、血淋巴、肌肉等3种主要组织中的AKP、ACP、POD活性和T-AOC水平及THCs变化显著,可作为疾病模型构建的指标.由于药物防治主要针对早期发病群体,因此,疾病模型构建的时间选择病原菌感染后24h.采用上述方法构建的三疣梭子蟹溶藻弧菌疾病模型在相同条件下可重复性较强,并便于观测感染前后蟹体的变化情况.     

Whole-cell luminescence-based flow-through biodetector for toxicity testing

A new type of biodetector was designed based on a bioluminescence test with the bacterium Vibrio fischeri performed in a liquid continuous flow-through system. Here we describe the modification of a commercial tube luminescence detector to work in the flow mode by building a new flow cell holder and a new case including “top cover” to connect the flow cell with the waste and the incubation capillary in a light-proof manner. As different samples were injected successively it was necessary to keep the individual peaks separated. This was done using an air-segmented flow in the reaction coil. To afford fast screening, the incubation time of the sample and the Vibrio fischeri, which equaled the dead time of the detection system, was set at 5.6 min. Rapid monitoring of toxic substances is achieved by using 20 μL of sample and flow-rates of 110–150 μL min⁻¹. As a proof-of-principle, we show results for the detection of five selected di-, tri- and tetrachlorophenols at different concentrations varying from 1 to 200 mg L⁻¹. Calculation of inhibition rates and EC₅₀ values were performed and compared with corresponding values from the DIN EN ISO 11348-2 microplate format. Compared with the latter, the inhibition rates obtained with our flow-through biodetector for the compounds tested were generally about twofold lower, but importantly, a much faster detection is possible. Figure Flow scheme of the biodetector setup     

Identification of disinfection by‐products of selected triazines in drinking water by LC‐Q‐ToF‐MS/MS and evaluation of their toxicity

During the development of an on‐line solid phase extraction‐liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection (SPE‐LC‐UV) analytical method for determination of eight selected triazines; ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, metrybuzine, prometryn, propazin, simazine, and terbutryn, in drinking water, it was observed that the retention times of three of them (ametryn, prometryn, and terbutryn) in Milli‐Q water were different from those in chlorinated Milli‐Q water, indicating the formation of new products. The cause of this change was found in the oxidation of the molecules as a result of chlorination with sodium hypochlorite. Experiments performed at varying concentrations of triazines and hypochlorite showed that the extent of the reaction depended on their relative concentrations. At the maximum admissible level of 100 ng/l for individual pesticides in drinking water, no apparent transformation was observed in the absence or at low concentrations (0.05 mg/l) of hypochlorite; however, on increasing the concentration of hypochlorite to the level typically present in drinking water (0.9 mg/l) the transformation was complete. The reaction is quite fast; within 1 h the parent compound is completely degraded and after 22 h the concentrations of the by‐products are constant. Investigation of the by‐products by ultra performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time of flight‐ tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐ToF‐MS/MS) has shown that all three triazines follow a similar transformation pathway, forming four new molecules whose structure have been elucidated. The acute toxicity of the new products was investigated using a standard method based on the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri, and the by‐products showed a higher toxicity than that of the parent compounds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fischelactone B: A New Eremophilane Dimer from Ligularia fischeri

A new eremophilane dimer, namely fischelactone B, was isolated from the roots of Ligularia fischeri. Its structure was established on the basis of spectroscopic data, including IR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy.     

海链藻定向培养对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活及养殖水质的影响

旨在探究定向培藻在凡纳滨对虾养殖中应用效果. 选取体长0.545cm的凡纳滨对虾84万尾, 随机分为2组(每组3个重复, 每个室内水泥池(30m2)14万尾), 对照组水体不添加藻, 试验组水体中添加海链藻(藻浓度维持2×104~5×104 cell?mL-1), 试验周期25d. 结果表明: 定向培藻对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活及养殖水质影响显著(P＜0.05), 其中, 对虾体长、体质量成活率和饵料系数均为海链藻组显著大于对照组(P＜0.05); 养殖水体的pH日差值和、NO3--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P和养殖水体中弧菌数量均为海链藻组显著小于对照组(P＜0.05). 由此可见, 在凡纳滨对虾养殖过程中, 养殖池中添加定向培海链藻有利于维持养殖池水体的水质稳定, 减少水体的氮磷含量和抑制弧菌的生长, 同时也有利于凡纳滨对虾的健康生长.