硼酸亲和整体柱在富集中药活性物质中的应用

以4-乙烯基苯硼酸(VPBA)为功能单体,季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯(PETA)为交联剂,乙二醇和二甘醇为二元致孔剂,通过热引发自由基聚合反应,在毛细管内原位聚合制备得到一种poly(VPBA-co-PETA)毛细管整体柱。所制备的整体柱具有典型的硼酸亲和特性,可以特异性地捕获含有顺二羟基的化合物。在前期实验的基础上,将其用于两种中草药 蒲公英和刺果卫矛中含顺二羟基的小分子活性物质的富集。这两种中药提取物直接用高效液相色谱进行检测时,其活性成分绿原酸等因含量太低而使检测困难或无法检测;经过硼酸亲和整体柱富集后收集洗脱液进行检测,色谱峰响应则显著提高。该结果表明所制备的poly(VPBA-co-PETA)整体柱可以作为富集中药提取物中含顺二羟基活性物质的有效手段。     

灰色系统理论在中药色谱指纹图谱模式识别中的应用研究

建立了基于灰色系统理论的中药色谱指纹图谱模式识别模型。运用基于范数与信息熵赋权法的灰色关联分析,求出各待比较图谱特征变量数据序列与理想图谱特征变量数据序列之间的灰色关联度,并依据模糊匹配中的“最大匹配度”原则进行判断,从而达到品种识别和质量评价的目的。该模型在56批次不同品种化橘红药材样品的高效液相色谱分析中取得较满意的结果: 熵权与范数的灰色关联分析均能准确识别出毛橘红与光橘红两个品种,克服了传统相似度或灰色关联在化橘红色谱指纹图谱分析中的误判问题;对药材中化学成分的种类与含量十分接近的毛橘红不同栽培品种的识别率超过92.85%。此外,该模型计算量较少,整个模式识别过程通过计算机编程实现,操作简单。实验结果显示,灰色系统理论在中药色谱指纹图谱模式识别中有良好的适应性。     

毛细管电泳-电化学检测法测定黄芪及其制剂中的活性成分

采用毛细管电泳-电化学检测法(CE-ED)对中药黄芪的主要活性成分芦丁、阿魏酸、香草酸、绿原酸、槲皮素和咖啡酸进行了分离和测定。分别考察了工作电极电位、运行缓冲液的pH值和浓度、分离电压和进样时间等实验参数对实验结果的影响。在优化的实验条件下,以直径300 μm的碳圆盘电极为工作电极,检测电位为+0.95 V(相对于饱和甘汞电极),在10 mmol/L硼酸盐(pH 8.2)的运行缓冲溶液中,上述6种活性成分能在17 min内实现很好的基线分离,被测物浓度与峰电流在3个数量级范围呈良好的线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)范围为78～110 μg/L。在不同的加标水平下,6种活性成分的平均回收率为96.0%～103.0%,相对标准偏差为1.9%～3.6%(n=3)。该方法样品处理简单,无需预富集,已应用于实际样品的分析,并获得了令人满意的结果。     

基于光谱的中医舌色客观化方法初探

为了更加客观地反映舌的生理、病理变化,探讨了基于光谱的舌色客观化的新方法。按照国际照明委员会推荐的测色标准照明和观测条件测量舌体的反射光谱,并将测量得到的反射光谱进行归一化处理,以尽可能地除去光源等测量条件变化带来的影响。将光谱学的方法应用于舌诊领域,在多个波长上精确分析舌色信息,能够更加客观准确地刻画舌的颜色,提供更多与人体健康状况相关的微观信息,如舌组织成分、微循环状态和舌组织结构等,克服了以往方法不能准确、祥实反映组织成分、结构以及微循环状态,量化指标不精确、实用性差的缺点。通过对物体和人舌光谱数据进行的初步采集实验,证明相比于现有的比色法,光谱法既可以更全面、深入、客观地反映人舌所携带的生理和病理信息,突出舌色的细微区别,又可以用特征参数准确度量来表征,与现有物理基准相衔接,从而促进舌色客观化的研究进程。     

A silica-gel accelerated [4 + 2] cycloaddition-based biomimetic approach towards the first total synthesis of magterpenoid C

The first total synthesis of magterpenoid C has been realized via a silica gel accelerated biomimetic Diels-Alder reaction between β-myrcene and randaiol derived quinone. However, application of similar strategy towards magterpenoid B via a protective Diels-Alder reaction failed to deliver the natural product.     

中药指纹图谱学体系在中药创制中的作用

从整体论、系统论和复杂科学的角度论述了中药指纹图谱学体系的构成背景和核心任务。中药指纹图谱学体系具有体系科学性质,是从系统性和整体性角度研究中药(包括植物药)的物质基础和作用机制以及药代动力学规律和相关制剂技术的崭新学科。该体系以中药指纹图谱信息学为核心和桥梁,包括中药指纹图谱测试学、中药指纹图谱质控学、中药指纹图谱谱效学、中药指纹药物动力学、中药指纹药剂学和中药生物指纹图谱学。该体系的研究需采用复杂科学和体系科学的理论和方法,突破线性思维和还原分析,强调宏观和系统的有机综合,应用数学科学原理和方法来开辟中药创制的新模式。中药指纹图谱学的理论体系和方法是解析中药的主导技术和实现中药现代化的核心力量,该体系理论和技术的成熟及完善可为现代中药创制提供强有力的理论和技术支撑。中药指纹图谱学体系的最终目的是为人类和有益生物研制出疗效显著、安全、可控的现代化中药。     

RESEARCH IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION: SOME ISSUES AND SOME EMERGING INFLUENCES

In this article, I introduce a typology of forms of algebraic thinking. In the first part, I argue that the form and generality of algebraic thinking are characterised by the mathematical problem at hand and the embodied and other semiotic resources that are mobilised to tackle the problem in analytic ways. My claim is based not only on semiotic considerations but also on new theories of cognition that stress the fundamental role of the context, the body and the senses in the way in which we come to know. In the second part, I present some concrete examples from a longitudinal classroom research study through which the typology of forms of algebraic thinking is illustrated.     

Phospholipidomic identification of potential plasma biomarkers associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its attendant complications, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN), impose a significant societal and economic burden. The investigation of discovering potential biomarkers for T2DM and DN will facilitate the prediction and prevention of diabetes. Phospholipids (PLs) and their metabolisms are closely allied to nosogenesis and aggravation of T2DM and DN. The aim of this study is to characterize the human plasma phospholipids in T2DM and DN to identify potential biomarkers of T2DM and DN. Normal phase liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (NPLC-TOF/MS) was applied to the plasma phospholipids metabolic profiling of T2DM and DN. The plasma samples from control (n = 30), T2DM subjects (n = 30), and DN subjects (n = 52) were collected and analyzed. The significant difference in metabolic profiling was observed between healthy control group and DM group as well as between control group and DN group by the help of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). PLS-DA and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were successfully used to screen out potential biomarkers from complex mass spectrometry data. The identification of molecular components of potential biomarkers was performed on Ion trap-MS/MS. An external standard method was applied to quantitative analysis of potential biomarkers. As a result, 18 compounds in 7 PL classes with significant regulation in patients compared with healthy controls were regarded as potential biomarkers for T2DM or DN. Among them, 3 DM-specific biomarkers, 8 DN-specific biomarkers and 7 common biomarkers to DM and DN were identified. Ultimately, 2 novel biomarkers, i.e., PI C18:0/22:6 and SM dC18:0/20:2, can be used to discriminate healthy individuals, T2DM cases and DN cases from each other group.     

中药复方溶液环境对黄连生物碱大孔树脂吸附的动力学比较研究

研究含黄连的不同中药复方水提液溶液环境对大孔树脂吸附率的影响,为大孔树脂在中药生产中的优选和在中药复方精制分离技术中的推广应用提供实验依据。采用pH、电导率、盐度、浊度、黏度5项物理化学指标性参数表征6种复方水提液体系,通过比较黄连生物碱于不同溶液环境中对相同AB-8树脂的吸附动力学变化,考察溶液环境对复方中指标性成分分离纯化的影响。实验结果表明,黄连在不同中药复方配伍中,虽然溶液环境差异较大,但黄连中生物碱类成分均可以在树脂上被选择性吸附,复方1~6指标性生物碱成分达到吸附平衡的时间均有差异;复方2的电导率和盐度较大,生物碱与大孔树脂的吸附作用显著降低,复方6的电导率小而黏度较大,生物碱达到吸附平衡的时间较其他复方长,吸附作用大于复方2而较其他复方较小。上述研究结果表明,复方水溶液的电导率、盐度为影响生物碱在大孔树脂选择性吸附的主要因素,黏度影响生物碱达到吸附平衡的时间。     

血清白蛋白与中药活性成分相互作用研究进展

研究中药活性成分与血清白蛋白的相互作用对考察中药成分在人体中的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄和毒性具有重要的意义.本文综述了近几年来该领域的研究成果和进展及所采用的主要技术和方法(包括紫外可见吸收光谱法、荧光光谱法、圆二色谱法、红外光谱法及分子模拟法等)在这方面的应用情况.对两者之间相互作用的机理、结合常数和作用力类型及中药活...