Construction of 1H-indazoles from ortho-aminobenzoximes by the Mitsunobu reaction

Recently, there has been an upsurge in the occurrence of the indazole motif in drug discovery. Accordingly, newer, milder and more efficient routes towards their synthesis have emerged in the literature. We recently reported the Mitsunobu-triggered cyclodehydration of salicylaldoximes to transient 1,2-benzisoxazoles, and salicylhydroxamic acids to their corresponding 3-hydroxybenzisoxazoles. We hypothesized subjecting ortho-aminobenzoximes to Mitsunobu conditions will likewise induce a cyclodehydration to deliver the corresponding 1H-indazoles. Indeed, secondary anilines afforded the predicted N¹-substituted 1H-indazoles, and primary anilines, after activation with a Boc group, furnished the N¹-Boc 1H-indazoles in good to excellent yields. This work further expands the chemical repertoire of the Mitsunobu reaction, representing its unprecedented use in the construction of the 1H-indazole nucleus.     

Total synthesis of violaceimides A–E and consideration of the reported stereochemistry

Here we report the first total synthesis of violaceimides A–E, a family of sulfur-containing metabolites from Aspergillus violaceus, a sponge-associated fungus. A concise, convergent and enantioselective synthesis was developed for all five family members, from a common advanced intermediate. However, while the NMR spectral data matched that of the reported natural products, the optical rotations were of opposite sign. This result prompted the enantioselective synthesis of all four diastereomeric pairs of violaceimide E, and suggests that the stereochemistry might have been misassigned.     

Total synthesis,reactivity, and structural clarification of lindenatriene

The synthesis of lindenatriene (1) and iso-lindenatriene (12) were achieved, along with the des-hydroxy model compounds (10 and 18, respectively), and compared to reported ¹H NMR spectra in the literature (1a and 10a). These comparisons clarify the correct initial assignment of lindenatriene (1) as well as its instability and propensity to isomerize into the more thermodynamically favored iso-lindenatriene (12).     

Nuclear magnetic resonance and static magnetic susceptibility of AsF5 - intercalated graphite

NMR and static magnetic susceptibility (χ) measurements on stage 1 AsF₅ intercalated graphite (C₈AsF₅) are presented. The relaxation times, T_i and T₂, of the F¹⁹ nuclear magnetic resonance were measured over the temperature range 136K – 295K; χ was measured over the range 80K – 295K. The NMR results indicate a motionally narrowed line with gradual ordering of the intercalant as the temperature is decreased. The magnetic susceptibility is independent of temperature with no observable Curie law controbution. The absence of localized moment behavior for the intercalant is interpreted either in terms of chemical disproportionation of the AsF₅ to closed shell ions or in terms of the Anderson model of localized moments in metals.     

Chemisorption of carbon monoxide on carburized polycrystalline tungsten

Desorption spectra of CO chemisorbed on clean and carburized W at room temperature were measured in the temperature range from 300 to 1900 K and coverage versus exposure plots were constructed. The partial conservation of the β state on carburized W is discussed.     

Nonlinear dynamics of the heartbeat: II. Subharmonic bifurcations of the cardiac interbeat interval in sinus node disease

Changing the coupling of electronic relaxation oscillators may be associated with the emergence of complex periodic behavior. The electrocardiographic record of a patient with the “sick sinus syndrome” demonstrated periodic behavior including subharmonic bifurcations in an attractor of his interbeat interval. Such nonlinear dynamics which may emerge from alterations in the coupling of oscillating pacemakers are not predicted by traditional models in cardiac electrophysiology. An understanding of the nonlinear behavior of physical and mathematical systems may generalize to pathophysiological processes.     

Laser induced fluorescence in NO2: absolute fluorescence cross sections and quantum yields

Spectrally resolved collision-free absolute fluorescence cross sections have been measured, for NO₂ excited, by the second harmonic of the Nd: YAG laser. The total cross section into the 523.0–650.0 nm range was found to be 2.3 × 10^?20 cm². The measured absorption cross section of 1.46 × 10^?19 cm² implies a quantum yield of 16% over this range.     

The photodissociative ionization of amorphous ice

Within the energy range 17 hv < 35 eV, the ionic species desorbed and their excitation spectra are reported. The only positive ion desorbed is H⁺. A model for the surface is suggested which explains the absence of OH⁺ desorption. The desorption mechanisms are discussed in terms of an energy analysis.     

The wavefunction of non-stationary states in terms of complex coordinates and a related variational principle

The wavefunction of a decaying state is expressed in terms of complex coordinates as ψ(p) = a(θ)ψ _o(p) + b(θ)x(p), where the square integrable θ_o(p) and x(p) contain the localized and asymptotic information respectively. From Fano theory, we derive the relationship of a(?) and b(?) to the energy and width of the resonance state. This forms the basis for a new variatfonal principle for optimization of trial functions in the complex coordinate—energy plane.     

Rotationally inelastic scattering from surfaces CO(g) + LiF(OO1)

The rotationally inelastic scattering of a supersonic, rotanonally cold (T_rot^I = 4–30 k) CO molecular beam from a clean LiF(001) surface has been investigated by VUV laser-induced fluorescence. Rotational accommodation was incomplete for surface temperatures 350 <T_s < 900 K. The degree of accommodation decreased with T_s and was independent of collision energy.