基于钾基修饰铁矿石载氧体的煤化学链燃烧循环实验

对天然的铁矿石加以钾基修饰,在流化床上进行了煤化学链燃烧循环实验。研究了改性后的铁矿石对气体产物浓度及含碳气体体积分数影响的持续力。钾基铁矿石缩短了反应时间并明显提高了CO₂浓度;在20次循环中,钾基铁矿石能明显提高CO₂体积分数并降低CO体积分数,11次循环后,CO₂体积分数稍有减少,CO体积分数略有增加。借助于扫描电镜与电子能谱(SEM-EDX)和X射线衍射(XRD),对不同循环后的载氧体进行表征。与纯铁矿石相比,前10次循环钾基铁矿石载氧体表面严重烧结,20次循环之后烧结减轻,恢复多孔结构。结果表明,钾基铁矿石载氧体中KFe₁₁O₁₇或其衍生物对煤气化有催化作用;在20次循环中存在钾流失现象;20次循环后钾基铁矿石载氧体能完全氧化为Fe₂O₃。     

难熔金属专用助熔剂在红外碳硫分析中的应用

采用难熔金属专用助熔剂对多种材料进行红外碳硫分析,考察了其与传统助熔剂空白值的比较.对不同样品的测定结果进行分析比较,发现难熔金属专用助熔剂的碳、硫空白值更低,样品燃烧充分,高温熔体流动性好.该助熔剂操作简便,分析速度快,适用范围较广.     

Neue Phosphaniminato‐Komplexe von Molybdän und Wolfram. Die Kristallstrukturen von [(μ‐S2N2){MoCl4(NPPh3)}2], [Mo(NPPh3)4][BF4]2, [W(S)2(NPPh3)2] und [Ph3PNH2]+[SCN]–

New Phosphoraneiminato Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten. Crystal Structures of [(μ‐S₂N₂){MoCl₄(NPPh₃)}₂], [Mo(NPPh₃)₄][BF₄]₂, [W(S)₂(NPPh₃)₂], and [Ph₃PNH₂]⁺[SCN]^– The binuclear molybdenum(V)phosphoraneiminato complex [(μ‐S₂N₂){Mo^VCl₄(NPPh₃)}₂] ( 1 ) has been prepared by the reaction of the chlorothionitreno complex [Mo^VICl₄(NSCl)]₂ with Me₃SiNPPh₃ in dichloromethane forming green crystals. The temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility in the range of 2–30 K shows ideal behaviour according to the Curie law with a magnetic moment of 1.60 B.M. According to the crystal structure determination 1 forms centrosymmetric molecules in which the molybdenum atoms are connected by the nitrogen atoms of the S₂N₂ molecule. In trans‐position to it the nitrogen atoms of the phosphoraneiminato groups (NPPh₃^–) are coordinated with Mo–N bond lengths of 171(1) pm. The tetrakis(phosphoraneiminato) complex [Mo(NPPh₃)₄]‐ [BF₄]₂ ( 2 ) has been obtained as colourless crystal needles by the reaction of MoN(NPPh₃)₃ with boron trifluoride etherate in toluene solution. In the dication the molybdenum atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by the nitrogen atoms of the (NPPh₃^–) groups with Mo–N bond lengths of 179,8–181,0(3) pm. The dithio‐bis(phosphoraneiminato) tungsten complex [W(S)₂(NPPh₃)₂] ( 3 ) is formed as yellow crystals as well as [Ph₃PNH₂]⁺[SCN]^– ( 4 ) from the reaction of WN(NPPh₃)₃ with carbon disulfide in tetrahydrofurane in the presence of traces of water. 3 has a monomeric molecular structure with tetrahedrally coordinated tungsten atom with bond lengths W–S of 214.5(5) pm and W–N of 179(1) pm. In the structure of 4 the thiocyanate ions are associated by hydrogen bonds of the NH₂ group of the [Ph₃PNH₂]⁺ ion to give a zigzag chain. 1 : Space group Pbca, Z = 4, lattice constants at –80 °C: a = 1647.9(3), b = 1460.8(2), c = 1810.4(4) pm; R₁ = 0.0981. 2 : Space group P1, Z = 2, lattice constants at –80 °C: a = 1162.5(1), b = 1238.0(1), c = 2346.2(2) pm; α = 103.14(1)°, β = 90.13(1)°, γ = 97.66(1)°; R₁ = 0.0423. 3 : Space group Fdd2, Z = 8, lattice constants at –80 °C: a = 3310.1(4), b = 2059.7(2), c = 966,7(1) pm; R₁ = 0.0696. 4 : Space group P2₁2₁2₁, Z = 4, lattice constants at –80 °C: a = 1118.4(1), b = 1206.7(1), c = 1279.9(1) pm; R₁ = 0.0311.     

Halogen‐bridged Cationic Complexes of the Type [{CpM(CO)3}2X]SbF6 (M = Mo,W; X = Cl,I), [{CpW(CO)2Cl2}2Cl]SbCl6, and the Trichloride CpW(CO)2Cl3

The reaction of CpMo(CO)₃X (X = Cl, I) with SbF₅ in toluene leads to the cationic, halogen bridged compounds [{CpMo(CO)₃}₂X]SbF₆ ( 1 , 2 ). CpW(CO)₃Cl reacts with SbF₅ to yield [{CpW(CO)₃}₂Cl]SbF₆ ( 3 ), whereas with SbCl₅, the oxidative substitution product [{CpW(CO)₂Cl₂}₂Cl]SbCl₆ ( 4 ) is formed, which decomposes in solution to yield the trichloride CpW(CO)₂Cl₃ ( 5 ). The strong Lewis acid SbF₅ separates the halide from CpM(CO)₃X (M = Mo, W), and the resulting cationic fragment “CpM(CO)₃⁺” reacts with a further CpM(CO)₃X forming a halonium bridge ( 1 – 3 ). The exclusive formation of SbF₆^– can be explained by the oxidizing power of SbF₅. The IR, MS and NMR spectra of the compounds 1 – 5 as well as the X‐ray structure analysis of 5 are reported and discussed.     

Darstellung,Schwingungsspektrum und Kristallstruktur von (n‐Bu4N)2[(W6Cl)F] · 2 CH2Cl2 und 19F‐NMR‐spektroskopischer Nachweis der gemischten Clusteranionen [(W6Cl)FCl]2–, n = 1–6

Synthesis, Vibrational Spectra, and Crystal Structure of ( n ‐Bu₄N)₂[(W₆Cl )F ] · 2 CH₂Cl₂ and ¹⁹F NMR Spectroscopic Evidence of the Mixed Cluster Anions [(W₆Cl )F Cl ]^2–, n = 1–6 The reaction of (n‐Bu₄N)₂[(W₆Cl)Cl] with CF₃COOH in dichloromethane gives intermediately a mixture of the cluster anions [(W₆Cl)(CF₃COO)Cl]^2–, n = 1–6. By treatment with NH₄F the outer sphere coordinated trifluoracetato ligands are easily substituted and the components of the series [(W₆Cl)FCl], n = 1–6 are formed and characterized by their distinct ¹⁹F NMR chemical shifts. An X‐ray structure determination has been performed on a single crystal of (n‐Bu₄N)₂[(W₆Cl)F] · 2 CH₂Cl₂ (orthorhombic, space group Pbca, a = 15.628(4), b = 17.656(3), c = 20.687(4) Å, Z = 4). The low temperatur IR (60 K) and Raman (20 K) spectra are assigned by normal coordinate analysis based on the molecular parameters of the X‐ray determination. The valence force constants are f_d(WW) = 1.89, f_d(WF) = 2.43 and f_d(WCl) = 0.93 mdyn/Å.     

Determination and interference studies of bismuth by tungsten trap hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

The determination of bismuth requires sufficiently sensitive procedures for detection at the μg L⁻¹ level or lower. W-coil was used for on-line trapping of volatile bismuth species using HGAAS (hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry); atom trapping using a W-coil consists of three steps. Initially BiH₃ gas is formed by hydride generation procedure. The analyte species in vapor form are transported through the W-coil trap held at 289 °C where trapping takes place. Following the preconcentration step, the W-coil is heated to 1348 °C; analyte species are released and transported to flame-heated quartz atom cell where the atomic signal is formed. In our study, interferences have been investigated in detail during Bi determination by hydride generation, both with and without trap in the same HGAAS system. Interferent/analyte (mass/mass) ratio was kept at 1, 10 and 100. Experiments were designed for carrier solutions having 1.0 M HNO₃. Interferents such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Cd, Pb, Au, Na, Mg, Ca, chloride, sulfate and phosphate were examined. The calibration plot for an 8.0 mL sampling volume was linear between 0.10 μg L⁻¹ and 10.0 μg L⁻¹ of Bi. The detection limit (3 s/m) was 25 ng L⁻¹. The enhancement factor for the characteristic concentration (C_o) was found to be 21 when compared with the regular system without trap, by using peak height values. The validation of the procedure was performed by the analysis of the certified water reference material and the result was found to be in good agreement with the certified values at the 95% confidence level.     

Determination of mineral phosphate species in sedimentary phosphate rock in Mardin, SE Anatolia, Turkey by sequential extraction

The importance of the effect of phosphate rock depends on the chemical form of phosphorus in which this element is combined. The paper presents the results of inorganic and organic forms of phosphorus in the phosphate rock from Mazidag-Derik, Semikan deposit located at Mardin city at SE Anatolia of Turkey. Total phosphorus concentration in the rock is an average 18.5%. The inorganic phosphorus mean % contents were 99.98% for studied sedimentary phosphate rock. Speciation of inorganic phosphorus was carried out using a method based on sequential extractions of the sedimentary phosphate rock each releasing four forms of inorganic phosphorus: loosely sorbed phosphorus, phosphorus bound to aluminium (P-Al), phosphorus bound to calcium (P-Ca) and phosphorus bound to iron (P-Fe). Calcium bound phosphorus is the dominant form of inorganic phosphorus in the studied sedimentary phosphate rock. Aluminium bound phosphorus is the second, iron bound phosphorus is the third most prevailing form. Loosely bound phosphorus is present in the lowest amounts. Analyses of phosphorus forms in sedimentary phosphate rock using a UV spectrophotometric method and ICP-AES are reported here. For the phosphorus the two methods give the same results and the concentrations are in good agreement with the reference values.     

Inorganic arsenic speciation analysis of water samples by trapping arsine on tungsten coil for atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination

Arsine trapping on resistively heated tungsten coil was investigated and an analytical method for ultratrace arsenic determination in environmental samples was established. Several chemical modifiers, including Re, Pt, Mo, Ta and Rh, were explored as permanent chemical modifiers for tungsten coil on-line trapping and Rh gave the best performance. Arsine was on-line trapped on Rh-coated tungsten coil at 640 °C, then released at 1930 °C and subsequently delivered to an atomic fluorescence spectrometer (AFS) by a mixture of Ar and H₂ for measurement. In the medium of 2% (v/v) HCl and 3% (m/v) KBH₄, arsine can be selectively generated from As(III). Total inorganic arsenic was determined after pre-reduction of As(V) to As(III) in 0.5% (m/v) thiourea-0.5% (m/v) ascorbic acid solution. The concentration of As(V) was calculated by difference between the total inorganic arsenic and As(III), and inorganic arsenic speciation was thus achieved. With 8 min on-line trapping, the limit of detection was 10 ng L⁻¹ for As(III) and 9 ng L⁻¹ for total As; and the precision was found to be <5% R.S.D. (n = 7) for 0.2 ng mL⁻¹ As. The proposed method was successfully applied in total arsenic determination of several standard reference materials and inorganic arsenic speciation analysis of nature water samples.     

Thick porous tungsten trioxide films by anodization of tungsten in fluoride containing phosphoric acid electrolyte

In the present work, we report on the formation of mesoporous thick tungsten trioxide films grown on tungsten foil by anodization in fluoride containing concentrated phosphoric acid (85%) electrolyte. Under optimized experimental conditions, mesoporous WO₃ films with a thickness up to approximately 2 μm are formed. SEM shows the films to consist of a connected network with a typical pore and feature diameter of ca 50 nm. These films as formed are amorphous and can be annealed to orthorhombic WO₃ structure. These thick porous films can show significant enhanced electrochromic and improved photocatalytic properties.     

An overview of electrothermal excitation sources for atomic emission spectrometry

Electrothermal devices have been employed in analytical atomic spectrometry for more than four decades. Normally these resistively heated devices are used to provide an atomic cloud that is either probed by an external light source (atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence) or swept into a second excitation source such as the inductively coupled plasma (electrothermal vaporization). Less commonly, the electrothermal device both produces the atomic vapor and excites the emission of the atoms in the cloud. This brief review, with 65 selected references, will describe those occasions where electrothermal devices are indeed employed in this manner, with no other source of excitation energy applied. Beginning with a graphite furnace system described in 1975 and ending with a tungsten coil application published in 2008, analytical figures of merit will be reported for methods involving devices fabricated from carbon, molybdenum, and tungsten. The review ends with a discussion of the practical limitations associated with these techniques.