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61.
Temporal sequences of planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) images of several high-speed, transient flowfields created in a reflection-type shock tunnel facility were acquired. In each case, the test gas contained either nitric oxide or the hydroxyl radical, the fluorescent species. The processes of shock reflection from an endwall with a converging nozzle and of underexpanded free jet formation were examined. A comparison was also made between PLIF imaging and shadow photography. The investigation demonstrated some of the capabilities of PLIF imaging diagnostics in complex, transient, hypersonic flowfields, including those with combustion.Nomenclature
A
spontaneous emission rate
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A
las
cross sectional area of laser sheet
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B
laser absorption rate
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C
opt
constant dependent on optical arrangement, collection efficiency, etc.
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D
nozzle throat diameter
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E
p
laser pulse energy
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f
J
Boltzmann fraction of absorbing state
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g
spectral convolution of laser and absorption lineshapes
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k
Boltzmann constant
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M
s
incident shock Mach number
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N
noise, root-mean-square signal fluctuation
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P
static pressure
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P
1
initial pressure of test gas in shock tube
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P
a
free jet ambient pressure
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P
s
stagnation pressure
-
Q
electronic quenching rate of excited state
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S
PLIF signal
-
t
time between shock reflection and image acquisition
-
T
static temperature
-
T
s
stagnation temperature
-
a
mole fraction of absorbing species 相似文献
62.
Exact analytical solutions for a class of unsteady unidirectional flows of an incompressible second-order fluid are constructed. The flows are generated impulsively from rest by motion of a plate or two plates or by sudden application of a pressure gradient. Expressions for velocity, flux and skin friction are obtained for both large and small times. It is found that large and small times solutions are dependent on the coefficient of viscoelasticity. The solutions corresponding to Newtonian fluids can be easily obtained from those for fluids of second order by letting the viscoelastic parameter to be zero. 相似文献
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66.
Nanocrystalline cobalt ferrites with nominal composition CoCrxFe2−xO4 ranging from x=0.0 to 0.5 with step increment of 0.25 were prepared by sol–gel auto combustion and chemical co-precipitation techniques. A comparative study of structural, electrical and magnetic properties of these ferrites has been measured using different characterization techniques. Structural and micro-structural studies were measured using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Crystallite sizes of the series are within the range of 12–29±2 nm. Lattice parameters decrease by increasing Cr3+ concentration. FTIR confirms the presence of two lattice absorption bands. DC electrical resistivity increases to a value of ∼1010 Ω-cm with increase in Cr3+ concentration, but the most significant increase is in samples prepared by sol–gel combustion. Dielectric properties have been measured as a function of frequency at room temperature. Dielectric loss decreases to 0.1037 and 0.0108 at 5 MHz for chemical co-precipitation and sol–gel combustion, respectively. Impedance measurements further helped in analyzing the electrical properties and to separate the grain and grain boundary resistance effects using a complex impedance analysis. Magnetic parameters were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer in the applied field of 10 kOe. The saturation magnetization decreased from 63 to 10.8 emu/gm with increase in Cr3+ concentration. 相似文献
67.
G. Cristoforetti A. De Giacomo M. Dell'Aglio S. Legnaioli E. Tognoni V. Palleschi N. Omenetto 《Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy》2010
In the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique, the existence of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) is the essential requisite for meaningful application of theoretical Boltzmann–Maxwell and Saha–Eggert expressions that relate fundamental plasma parameters and concentration of analyte species. The most popular criterion reported in the literature dealing with plasma diagnostics, and usually invoked as a proof of the existence of LTE in the plasma, is the McWhirter criterion [R.W.P. McWhirter, in: Eds. R.H. Huddlestone, S.L. Leonard, Plasma Diagnostic Techniques, Academic Press, New York, 1965, pp. 201–264]. However, as pointed out in several papers, this criterion is known to be a necessary but not a sufficient condition to insure LTE. The considerations reported here are meant to briefly review the theoretical analysis underlying the concept of thermodynamic equilibrium and the derivation of the McWhirter criterion, and to critically discuss its application to a transient and non-homogeneous plasma, like that created by a laser pulse on solid targets. Specific examples are given of theoretical expressions involving relaxation times and diffusion coefficients, as well as a discussion of different experimental approaches involving space and time-resolved measurements that could be used to complement a positive result of the calculation of the minimum electron number density required for LTE using the McWhirter formula. It is argued that these approaches will allow a more complete assessment of the existence of LTE and therefore permit a better quantitative result. It is suggested that the mere use of the McWhirter criterion to assess the existence of LTE in laser-induced plasmas should be discontinued. 相似文献
68.
A paired queueing system arising in multimedia synchronization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
One of the most important and distinguishing features of multimedia applications is the integration of multiple media streams that have to be presented in a synchronized fashion. In this paper, a queueing system with a special service mechanism arising in multimedia synchronization is considered. The system is characterized by arrival of two types of customers (media streams), and servicing of customers (processing of packets) in pairs with one customer from each type for a pair. The exact transient system size probabilities are obtained as the stationary solutions do not exist for this system and these are illustrated numerically. The density function of the first return to the origin for the queueing system is also obtained. 相似文献
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对于带调速器的多台电机组,本文引入关联矩阵E=(e_(ij))_(n×n),应用李雅普诺夫函数分解法,研究了此电力大系统的暂态关联稳定性,得到了系统的分解系数与稳定区域的估计公式。 相似文献