Multiaxial deformation of polyethylene and polyethylene/clay nanocomposites: in situ synchrotron small angle and wide angle X‐ray scattering study

A unique in situ multiaxial deformation device has been designed and built specifically for simultaneous synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) measurements. SAXS and WAXS patterns of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE/clay nanocomposites were measured in real time during in situ multiaxial deformation at room temperature and at 55 °C. It was observed that the morphological evolution of polyethylene is affected by the existence of clay platelets as well as the deformation temperature and strain rate. Martensitic transformation of orthorhombic into monoclinic crystal phases was observed under strain in HDPE, which is delayed and hindered in the presence of clay nanoplatelets. From the SAXS measurements, it was observed that the thickness of the interlamellar amorphous region increased with increasing strain, which is due to elongation of the amorphous chains. The increase in amorphous layer thickness is slightly higher for the nanocomposites compared to the neat polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011     

套管外压挤毁强度分析与计算

在对大量的套管全尺寸挤毁试验结果分析的基础上，提出套管外压失稳机理：实际工程中的套管截面不是理想圆，在外压作用下的非圆套管圆周方向上环向应力分布不均匀，有附加弯矩效应；随外压增加，在最大压缩环向应力处达到屈服；当屈服逸到一定程度时，材料由于强度承载力不足而失效，导致套管发生失稳挤毁。基于上述套管强度挤毁准则，分析了理想弹塑性套管在轴向载荷作用下的抗挤强度计算方法，得到较保守的套管挤毁压力计算公式。与试验结果对比表明：导出的计算公式偏差较小，计算精度满足工程要求，失稳强度准则是适用的。     

Nanoscratch-induced deformation behaviour in B4C particle reinforced ultrafine grained Al alloy composites: a novel diagnostic approach

We report on the novel application of nanoscratch characterization to provide insight into the plasticity mechanisms responsible for the behaviour of composites. Accordingly, we conduct deformation characterization with nanoscratch testing (DCNT) to study the deformation behaviour of two B₄C reinforced ultrafine grained Al alloy tri-modal composites with average B₄C particle sizes of ~1–6?μm and ~500?nm, respectively. To highlight the type of mechanistic information revealed in a DCNT study of composites, we concentrate on the influence of B₄C particle size on deformation mechanisms.     

Transient analysis of an M/G/1 retrial queue subject to disasters and server failures

An M/G/1 retrial queueing system with disasters and unreliable server is investigated in this paper. Primary customers arrive in the system according to a Poisson process, and they receive service immediately if the server is available upon their arrivals. Otherwise, they will enter a retrial orbit and try their luck after a random time interval. We assume the catastrophes occur following a Poisson stream, and if a catastrophe occurs, all customers in the system are deleted immediately and it also causes the server’s breakdown. Besides, the server has an exponential lifetime in addition to the catastrophe process. Whenever the server breaks down, it is sent for repair immediately. It is assumed that the service time and two kinds of repair time of the server are all arbitrarily distributed. By applying the supplementary variables method, we obtain the Laplace transforms of the transient solutions and also the steady-state solutions for both queueing measures and reliability quantities of interest. Finally, numerical inversion of Laplace transforms is carried out for the blocking probability of the system, and the effects of several system parameters on the blocking probability are illustrated by numerical inversion results.     

关于非主Hopf曲面的模空间

构造了Ｓ＾１上Ｓ＾３｜Ｈ－丛的所有复结构的模空间，其中丛的转换函数ｕ：ｓ＾３／Ｈ→Ｓ＾３／Ｈ是Ｓ＾３／Ｈ的一个对合，ＨＵ（２），Ｈ为有限群且在Ｓ＾３／Ｈ上的作用是自由的。真不连续的。     

General Analytic Solutions and Complementary Variational Principles for Large Deformation Nonsmooth Mechanics

This paper presents a nonlinear dual transformation method and general complementary energy principle for solving large deformation theory of elastoplasticity governed by nonsmooth constitutive laws. It is shown that by using this method and principle, the nonconvex and nonsmooth total potential energy is dual to a smooth complementary energy functional, and fully nonlinear equilibrium equations in finite deformation problems can be converted into certain tensor equations. The algebraic relation between the first and the second Piola–Kirchhoff stresses are revealed. A closed form solution for general three-dimensional large deformation boundary value problems is obtained. The properties of this general solution are clarified by a triality extremum principle. This triality theory reveals an important phenomenon in nonconvex variational problems. Applications are illustrated by nonlinear, nonsmooth equilibrium problems in Hencky's plasticity, 3D cylindrical structures and post buckling analysis of elastoplastic bar with jumping and hardening effects. The idea and methods presented in this paper can be used and generalized to solve many nonlinear boundary value problems in finite deformation theory.Sommario. Il lavoro presenta un metodo di trasformazione duale nonlineare ed un principio generale di energia complementare per la soluzione di problemi di teoria elastoplastica in grandi deformazioni governati da leggi costitutive con discontinuità. Si mostra come, usando il metodo ed il principio proposti, l' energia potenziale totale discontinua e nonconvessa duale di un funzionale energia complementare continuo, e le equazioni di equilibrio nonlineare in problemi di deformazione finita, possano essere convertite in equazioni tensoriali. Vengono mostrate le relazioni algebriche fra il primo ed il secondo tensore delle tensioni di Piola–Kirchhoff. Si ottiene una soluzione in forma chiusa per problemi al contorno generali tridimensionali in grandi deformazioni. Le proprietà di tale soluzione generale vengono chiarite per mezzo di un principio estremale di trialità. La eoria della trialità evidenzia un fenomeno importante in problemi variazionali nonconvessi. Vengono presentate applicazioni a problemi di equilibrio nonlineare con discontinuità in situazioni di plasticità alla Hencky, strutture cilindriche in 3D, e nell'analisi postcritica di una barra elastoplastica con effetti hardening e di jumping. L'idea ed i metodi presentati in questo lavoro possono essere usati e generalizzati per risolvere molti problemi al contorno nonlineari nella teoria delle deformazioni finite.     

基于最小加速度原理的刚塑性动力问题

应用有限变形的最小加速度原理，推导出了小变形或有限变形构件受到刚性飞射物撞击时的刚塑性运动方程，指出该方法具有直接、简捷和可靠的特点。     

Influence of deformation on irreversible and reversible crystallization of poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene)

The effect of uniaxial deformation and subsequent relaxation at ambient temperature on irreversible and reversible crystallization of homogeneous poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) with 38 mol % 1‐octene melt‐crystallized at 10 K min was explored by calorimetry, X‐ray scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At 298 K, the enthalpy‐based crystallinity of annealed specimens increased irreversibly by stress‐induced crystallization from initially 15% to a maximum of, at least, 19% when a permanent set of more than 200% was attained. The crystallinity increased by formation of crystals of pseudohexagonal structure at the expense of the amorphous polymer, and as a result of destruction of orthorhombic crystals. The stress‐induced increase of crystallinity was accompanied by an increase in the apparent specific heat capacity from 2.44 to about 2.59 J g^?1 K^?1, which corresponds to an increase of the total reversibility of crystallization from, at least, 0.10 to 0.17% K^?1. The specific reversibility calculated for 100% crystallinity increased from 0.67 to 0.89% K^?1 and points to a changed local equilibrium at the interface between the crystal and amorphous phases. The deformation resulted in typical changes of the phase structure and crystal morphology that involve orientation and destruction of crystals as well as the formation of fibrils. The effect of the decrease of the entropy of the strained melt on the reversibility of crystallization and melting is discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1223–1235, 2002     

复合材料迭层板弯曲分步分析法

本文提出了一种用于分析复合材料迭层板弯曲的新方法。首先利用经典理论进行初步分析,之后,据所得横向剪力,设定横向剪切应变,再进一步分析。本文方法基本未知函数少,基本方程易解,计算精度较高。     

Molecular deformation mechanisms of isotactic polypropylene in α‐ and β‐crystal forms by FTIR spectroscopy

The orientation behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in α‐ and β‐crystal form was investigated by rheo‐optical Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This method enabled quantification of the degree of orientation as a feature of structural changes during uniaxial elongation in not only the crystalline phase but also the amorphous one. Molecular orientation mechanisms can be successfully derived from experimental results. Generally, three mechanisms were detected for iPP: (1) interlamellar separation in the amorphous phase, (2) interlamellar slip and lamellar twisting at small elongations, and (3) intralamellar slip at high elongations. The third mechanism was favored by α‐PP, whereas β‐PP favored the second mechanism, which, in fact, was responsible for the different mechanical properties of both materials at the macroscopic level. On the other hand, crystallization conditions may have significantly affected the amorphous orientation. Nevertheless, for both iPP types the chains in the amorphous phase always oriented less than did those in the crystalline phase. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4478–4488, 2004