Determination of photoirradiated high polar benzoylureas in tomato by HPLC with luminol chemiluminescence detection

This study reports the first analytical application of luminol chemiluminescence reaction for the sensitive detection of two benzoylurea insecticides (diflubenzuron and triflumuron). Off-line experiments demonstrated that previously irradiated traces of these benzoylurea insecticides largely enhanced the chemiluminescence emission yielded from the oxidation of luminol in methanol:water mixtures, by potassium permanganate in alkaline medium, the enhancement being proportional to the concentration of both pesticides. The two benzoylureas were determined in tomato samples by coupling liquid chromatography with post-column photoderivatization and detection based on this chemiluminescence reaction. Tomato samples were extracted using the QuEChERS method based on extraction with acetonitrile and dispersive solid-phase clean-up using primary and secondary amine (PSA). Interferences due to matrix effect were overcome by using matrix-matched standards. The optimised method was validated with respect to linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision and accuracy. Under the optimised conditions, calibrations graphs were linear between 0.05 and 0.50 μg mL⁻¹ for diflubenzuron and between 0.10 and 1.00 μg mL⁻¹ for triflumuron. Method detection limits were 0.0025 and 0.0131 μg mL⁻¹ (equivalent to 0.0005 and 0.0026 mg kg⁻¹) and quantification limits were 0.05 and 0.10 μg mL⁻¹ (equivalent to 0.01 and 0.02 mg kg⁻¹) for diflubenzuron and triflumuron, respectively. In both cases, quantification limits were lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by the European legislation. The relative standard deviation of intra-day precision was below 10% and recoveries were between 79.7% and 94.2% for both pesticides.     

Modeling of the permeate flux decline during MF and UF cross-flow filtration of soy sauce lees

Cross-flow ultrafiltration and microfiltration have been used to recover refined soy sauce from soy sauce lees for over 25 years. The precise mechanism which dominated the permeate flux during batch cross-flow filtration has not been clarified. In the present study, we proposed a modified analytical method incorporated with the concept of deadend filtration to determine the initial flux of cross-flow filtration and carried out the permeate recycle and batch cross-flow filtration experiments using soy sauce lees. We used UF and MF flat membrane (0.006 m² polysulfone) module under different transmembrane pressures (TMP) and cross-flow velocities. The modified analysis provided an accurate prediction of permeate flux during the filtration of soy sauce lees, because this model can consider the change in J₀ at initial stage of filtration which was caused by the pore constriction and plugging inside membrane, and these changes may not proceed when the cake was formed on the membrane surface. Mean specific resistance of the cake increased with TMP due to the compaction of the cake and decreased with cross-flow velocity due to the change of deposited particle size, but less depended on the membrane in the present study. These results indicate that the value of J₀ determined by modified method was relevant to exclude the effects of the initial membrane fouling by pore constriction due to protein adsorption and plugging with small particles. The modified analytical method for the cake filtration developed in the present study was considered to be capable of selecting an appropriate operating conditions for many cross-flow filtration systems with UF, MF membranes.     

在线衍生高效液相色谱法测定酱油中Pb~(2+)和Ni~(2+)的含量

建立了湿法消解处理样品,反相高效液相色谱在线衍生同时测定酱油中Pb~(2+)和Ni~(2+)含量的方法。以二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(Na DDTC)为衍生试剂,Hypersil ODS2 C-18反相色谱柱(5μm,250 mm×4.6mm)为固定相,甲醇-水-衍生剂(体积比63.5∶35∶1.5)为流动相进行检测。结果显示,Pb~(2+)与Ni~(2+)的线性范围为0.5~50μg/m L,相关系数(r~2)分别为0.998 2和0.999 0,检出限分别为0.3μg/m L和0.2μg/m L,样品加标回收率为88.1%~91.8%。该方法操作简单,准确度和精密度较好,可作为酱油样品中重金属离子测定的替代方法。     

中空纤维三相液相微萃取-薄层色谱分离同步荧光法测定酱油中的色胺含量

以三相中空纤维液相微萃取(HF-LPME)作为样品前处理方法,结合薄层色谱分离,同步荧光光谱法测定酱油中色胺的含量。通过单因素实验确立的萃取最优条件为:样品溶液p H值为12.0,正辛醇为萃取溶剂,0.1 mol/L的HCl为接受相,搅拌速度为590 r/min,萃取时间为60 min;取20μL接受相进行TLC分析,样品点用异丙醇溶解后离心分离;采用同步荧光在λem=350.4 nm处进行定量分析。在最佳萃取条件下,方法的线性范围为0.32~50 mg/L(r0.978 0),检出限(S/N=3)为0.32 mg/L。酱油样品的加标回收率为87.5%~107.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于6.6%。该方法操作简单、绿色高效、灵敏度高,可用于酱油中色胺的快速准确测定。     

高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨率质谱检测酱油中的4-甲基咪唑与2-甲基咪唑

建立了高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨率质谱测定酱油中4-甲基咪唑(4-MI)和2-甲基咪唑(2-MI)的方法。酱油样品经水稀释,过MCX固相萃取小柱,经5%的氨化甲醇洗脱后,于45℃下氮气吹干,用乙腈水溶液溶解残渣,涡旋充分混合后过0.45μm滤膜。采用Agilent HILIC Plus(2.1 mm×100 mm,3.5μm)色谱柱进行分离,以乙腈-5.0 mmol/L乙酸铵(80∶20)为流动相进行等度洗脱。质谱采用正离子模式,在质荷比(m/z)50~100范围内通过高分辨质谱全扫描模式提取目标化合物的精确质量数,以一级母离子为定量离子,外标法定量。在所建立的色谱条件下,4-MI和2-MI能够得到较好的分离。该方法对4-MI和2-MI的检出限可达2.5 mg/kg。在25~500 ng/m L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99。对生抽、老抽、黄豆酱油及有机酱油中4-MI和2-MI进行3个水平的加标实验,平均回收率为78.3%~95.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于9.4%。该方法样品处理过程简单,适用于酱油中4-MI和2-MI的测定,对规范酱油生产和焦糖色素的加入具有重要意义。     

废弃番茄叶中叶绿素超声-微波协同的提取工艺

利用超声-微波协同法提取废弃番茄叶中的叶绿素.通过单因素及正交试验研究了溶剂、乙醇浓度、微波功率、超声温度、超声时间、料液比、微波时间7个因素对叶绿素提取量的影响,再进行正交试验和验证实验.结果表明最佳工艺条件是:乙醇浓度90％、微波功率500W、超声温度70℃、超声时间40min、料液比1∶10(g/mL)、微波时间...     

Multivariate curve resolution modeling of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data in a comparative study of the different endogenous metabolites behavior in two tomato cultivars treated with carbofuran pesticide

A metabonomic study based on the application of multivariate curve resolution and alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to three-way data sets obtained by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS) was carried out for Rambo and Raf tomato cultivars treated with carbofuran pesticide. Samples were picked up during a 21 days period after treatment and analyzed by LC-MS in scan mode, along with the corresponding blank samples. Then, MCR-ALS was applied to the three-way data sets using column wise augmented matrices, and the evolutionary profiles as a function of the time after treatment were estimated for the metabolites present in both cultivars, as well as their corresponding pure spectra estimations. A comparative study using those estimations showed that some of these metabolites followed different behavior for the different cultivars after treatment. Since all treated and untreated Rambo and Raf samples were picked up according to the same sampling protocol and in a similar state of maturation, any difference in the behavior between profiles can be interpreted as an effect due to the presence of pesticide and to the kind of cultivar. Based on this hypothesis, several PLS-DA approaches were tested to check if it would be possible to classify samples by using the metabolites MCR estimations. Results showed that PLS-DA models for classification of treated or non-treated (blank) samples were the best ones obtained (98.44% of correct classifications for the validation set), which supports the stress effects related to carbofuran treatment. In addition, excellent discrimination among the four groups could be attained (89.06% of correct classifications for the validation set).     

基于光谱的春季育苗移栽期番茄苗健壮度量化检测

为了筛选影响春季育苗移栽期番茄穴盘苗健壮程度的关键指标,并实现其快速无损检测,测定了5项秧苗指标,经向量归一化预处理并采用独立性权系数法确定各指标权重,并根据权重结果挑选出包含信息较全面,影响较大的两个指标：叶绿素和干质量。两项指标所组成的简化秧苗评价值可以近似表示综合评价值,相关系数r为0.92,大大减少了品质检测所需的指标量,并可以很好的表征春季育苗移栽期番茄苗的健壮度。提取了各穴盘苗的可见-近红外光谱数据,经去噪和多元散射矫正（MSC）预处理,消除了由光散射等带来的光谱干扰信息,相较原始光谱信息更具可利用性。随后采用光谱-理化值共生距离（SPXY）算法对样本集进行划分,利用波段值和评价值两种变量同时计算样本间距离,以最大化表征样本分布,提高样本差异性和代表性。采用竞争性自适应重加权算法（CARS）和无信息变量消除连续投影算法（UVE-SPA）优选光谱特征波数,降低光谱数据维度,得到了更能体现光谱特征的简化光谱信息,减少了冗余信息对建立模型精准度和分析速度的影响。最后应用偏最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）和基于U-Net模型改造的卷积神经网络(CNN),以预处理后的光谱数据和提取特征波长后的光谱数据分别作为模型的输入,建立了光谱数据与综合评价值的非线性映射模型,并进行对比选优。结果显示：应用UVE-SPA预处理方法筛选出的波段,光谱信息更加丰富有效;两种预处理后的优选波段所建模型回归效果整体优于全波段建立的模型;CNN模型的建模效果整体优于LS-SVM模型,且UVE-SPA-CNN模型对光谱数据和秧苗评价值的回归分析效果最好,其建模集和预测集的相关系数r分别为0.988和0.946,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.085和0.025,为直接利用光谱数据获取融合了多种因素的番茄秧苗评价值,从而判别秧苗健壮度提供了理论依据。     

微乳电动毛细管色谱法分离检测酱油中的氯丙醇

建立了微乳电动毛细管色谱分离3种氯丙醇的方法。以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为表面活性剂,系统考察了pH值、缓冲溶液类型和浓度、SDS浓度、助表面活性剂浓度、油相浓度、温度和运行电压对3-氯-1,2-丙二醇(3-MCPD),1,3-二氯-2-丙醇(1,3-DCP),2,3-二氯-1-丙醇(2,3-DCP)分离的影响。结果表明,最佳微乳缓冲液为1%(V/V)正庚烷,100 mmol/L SDS,10%(V/V)正丁醇和8 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠-硼砂溶液(pH 8.50),检测波长为192 nm,温度20℃,分离电压为15 kV。3种氯丙醇的线性范围为2.0×10-6～3.2×10-5 mol/L,相关系数大于0.996,检出限(S/N=3)为0.95～1.9μmol/L。酱油样品经乙醚液液萃取,萃取平均回收率为93.2%～103.0%,相对标准偏差小于6.5%。本方法应用于实际样品和加标后样品中三氯丙醇的检测,结果满意。