首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   10393篇
  免费   1148篇
  国内免费   2958篇
化学   10902篇
晶体学   231篇
力学   116篇
综合类   43篇
数学   17篇
物理学   3190篇
  2024年   22篇
  2023年   167篇
  2022年   283篇
  2021年   392篇
  2020年   582篇
  2019年   386篇
  2018年   341篇
  2017年   500篇
  2016年   546篇
  2015年   514篇
  2014年   620篇
  2013年   876篇
  2012年   638篇
  2011年   869篇
  2010年   597篇
  2009年   741篇
  2008年   656篇
  2007年   775篇
  2006年   684篇
  2005年   585篇
  2004年   504篇
  2003年   462篇
  2002年   342篇
  2001年   304篇
  2000年   289篇
  1999年   269篇
  1998年   251篇
  1997年   215篇
  1996年   184篇
  1995年   170篇
  1994年   145篇
  1993年   138篇
  1992年   116篇
  1991年   78篇
  1990年   56篇
  1989年   42篇
  1988年   49篇
  1987年   27篇
  1986年   20篇
  1985年   17篇
  1984年   7篇
  1983年   3篇
  1982年   10篇
  1981年   6篇
  1980年   6篇
  1978年   2篇
  1977年   4篇
  1973年   2篇
  1972年   2篇
  1968年   2篇
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 328 毫秒
991.
We used the isotope selectivity of 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to investigate changes in the magnetic properties of polycrystalline hematite exposed to ferrous iron (Fe(II)). We found that sorption of 56Fe(II), followed by interfacial electron exchange, alters the bulk magnetic properties of 57hematite. After reaction with 56Fe(II), we observed partial suppression of the Morin transition of 57hematite to below 13 K. This is significantly lower than the Morin temperature (T M) of ~230 K measured for isotopically enriched polycrystalline 57hematite, as well as the T M of 264?±?2 K reported for normal polycrystalline hematite.  相似文献   
992.
Thin solid polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) and silver triflate (AgCF3SO3) dispersed with various concentrations of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles have been prepared by solution casting technique. These thin polymer films are found to have thickness of the order of 30 to 100 μm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns have indicated the amorphous nature of the polymer electrolyte. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) traces showed slight change in the glass transition temperature (T g) whereas the degree of crystallization (X c) decreases markedly due to the addition of alumina nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis of all these samples has revealed the presence of absorption bands around 1,000 cm−1; thus indicating the complexation of silver ions with oxygen in PEO. Employing the Wagner’s polarization technique as the standard method, the total ionic transference number for the complexed polymer electrolyte was found to be approximately unity thereby revealing that the significant contribution to electrical conduction was due to ions only. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Ionic Devices (ICID 2006), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, December 7–9, 2006  相似文献   
993.
铁电体独特的自发电极化双稳性质和非线性光学性质使其在光电子器件中得到广泛应用.为了实现器件的小型化和与微电子、光电子工艺兼容,铁电薄膜已成为一个研究热点.自发电极化的大小和取向以及外电场、缺陷和铁电薄膜/电极界面与自发电极化的交互作用决定了铁电薄膜的性质和服役行为.文章以铁电存储器和光电子器件应用为背景,选择了具有重大应用前景的Bi4-xLaxTi3O12(BLT)、SrBi2Ta2O9(SBT)、PbZrxTi1-xO3(PET)和LiNbO3(LN)铁电薄膜以及相关的La(Sr,Co)O3(LSCO)和LaNiO3(LNO)等电极材料为研究对象,研究了缺陷电荷和电畴的交互作用和它们在交变外电场中的动力学行为,探明了铁电薄膜疲劳现象的物理本质;从晶格结构与缺陷的观察研究入手,探索了材料铁电性质的起源和优化材料铁电性质的途径;从铁电薄膜/电极界面结构与性质的研究入手,寻找更有效、更稳定的电极材料与结构,从而为器件应用打下了基础;在研究外电场对铁电薄膜生长机制影响的基础上,找到了利用外电场调控铁电薄膜结构的新途径,发展了新的、与半导体器件和光电子器件工艺兼容的制膜方法.  相似文献   
994.
路军岭  高鸿钧  时东霞 《物理》2007,36(5):370-376
现实中的催化剂是个相当复杂的系统体系,且为粉末状,限制了多种表面科学表征手段的应用,科学家通过建立简化的催化剂模型,充分利用目前多种有力的科技分析手段,如扫描隧道显微镜(STM)、透射电镜(TEM)、光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外吸收谱(FTIR)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)等,直观地在原子尺度上研究催化反应的机理,从而使得人们能够设计出选择性能更高、催化性能更好的催化剂.  相似文献   
995.
采用传统陶瓷烧结工艺,在无压还原气氛下低温制备出透明性良好的掺Yb3+氧化镧钇透明激光陶瓷,测试了其在室温下的吸收光谱、发射光谱和荧光寿命.结果表明,掺Yb3+氧化镧钇透明激光陶瓷的吸收系数随着Yb3+掺杂浓度的增加而增大,最强吸收峰974nm处的吸收截面为0.90~1.12×10-20 cm2;主发射峰1 032 nm和1 075 nm处的发射截面分别为1.05×10-20 cm2和0.87×10-20 cm2; Yb3+掺杂浓度为5at.%时荧光寿命为1.38 ms,并随Yb3+掺杂浓度的增加而减小;当Yb3+掺杂浓度超过10at.%时,样品中存在严重的浓度猝灭.产生浓度猝灭的原因是高掺杂时离子间存在合作上转换和能量转移.  相似文献   
996.
A modified combustion process, namely a mixed fuel process making use of a mixture of two fuels, such as citric acid and glycine has been developed to prepare nanocrystalline ceria powders. The effect of the mixed fuel and the different fuel to oxidant ratios on the decomposition characteristics of the gels were investigated by simultaneous thermal analysis experiments. It was established from various characterization techniques that the ceria powder prepared through the mixed fuel process has got the optimum powder characteristics, namely, a surface area of 33.33 m2/g and a crystallite size of 14 nm compared to the powders produced through the combustion process using a single fuel like glycine or citric acid. Such powders when sintered at 1250°C resulted in pellets with densities in the range of 94–96% of theoretical density. In this paper, we have carried out systematic studies on the sintering of ceria powders prepared by different approaches. The sintered ceramic from mixed fuel batch, exhibited and retained relative density more than 95% up to 1250°C and this data clearly underscores the ability of this process in developing ceria ceramics with increased stability against reduction.  相似文献   
997.
A challenge for future applications in nanotechnology is the functional integration of nano-sized materials into cellular structures. Here we investigated superparamagnetic Fe3O4 iron oxide nanoparticles coated with a lipid bilayer for uptake into cells and for targeting subcellular compartments. It was found that magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are effectively taken up into cells and make cells acquire magnetic activity. Biotin-conjugated MNPs were further functionalized by binding of the fluorescent tag streptavidin–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and, following uptake into cells, shown to confer magnetic activity and fluorescence labeling. Such FITC-MNPs were localized in the lysosomal compartment of cells which suggests a receptor-mediated uptake mechanism.  相似文献   
998.
ZnO thin films were prepared on soda-lime glass from a single spin-coating deposition of a sol-gel prepared with anhydrous zinc acetate [Zn(C2H3O2)2], monoethanolamine [H2NC2H4OH] and isopropanol. The deposited films were dried at 50 and 300 °C. X-ray analysis showed that the films were amorphous. Laser annealing was performed using an excimer laser. The laser pulse repetition rate was 25 Hz with a pulse energy of 5.9 mJ, giving a fluence of 225 mJ cm−2 on the ZnO film. Typically, five laser pulses per unit area of the film were used. After laser processing, the hexagonal wurtzite phase of zinc oxide was observed from X-ray diffraction pattern analysis. The thin films had a transparency of greater than 70% in the visible region. The optical band-gap energy was 3.454 eV. Scanning electron microscopy and profilometry analysis highlighted the change in morphology that occurred as a result of laser processing. This comparative study shows that our sol-gel processing route differs significantly from ZnO sol-gel films prepared by conventional furnace annealing which requires temperatures above 450 °C for the formation of crystalline ZnO.  相似文献   
999.
Oxidative-reductive properties on the acid-base surfaces of the oxide compositions Sn-Ce-Rh-O and Zr-Mg-Y-O, active as catalysts in the ketonization of secondary alcohols were determined based on the isopropanol conversion selectivity. The kinetics of isopropanol conversion was measured in the oxygen-free atmosphere. Activation energies for both directions of conversion (dehydration to propylene and dehydrogenation to acetone) were calculated. The results were compared with the kinetics over SnO2 and ZrO2. Both oxide compositions, Sn-Ce-Rh-O and Zr-Mg-Y-O are oxidative-reductive catalysts containing Lewis acid centers.  相似文献   
1000.
TiO2-coated activated carbon (TiO2/AC) composites and pure TiO2 powders were prepared by a sol-gel method using tetrabutylorthotitanate as a precursor. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) and nitrogen absorption. The photoactivity of samples was evaluated by methylene blue (MB) degradation. The analysis results show that compared with pure TiO2 powders, the spherical-shaped TiO2 particles are well-dispersed in the AC matrix and the size of the resulting TiO2 crystallites decreases to below 40 nm with increasing phase transformation temperature. The AC matrix creates anti-calcination effects and shows interfacial energy effects that control the growth of the TiO2 particles, baffle the anatase to rutile phase transition, and cumber the TiO2 particles to agglomerate. Compared with the surface areas of TiO2 powders, the combination of TiO2 and AC forms composites with high surface areas which are slightly affected by calcination temperature. By AC support, the photoactivity of TiO2 is increased in MB photocatalytic course, possible because active carbon increases photocatalytic activity of TiO2 particles by producing high concentration of organic compound near TiO2, and small-size TiO2 particles are well-dispersed on the surface of AC.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号