Enantiomeric quality control of antihistamines in pharmaceuticals by affinity electrokinetic chromatography with human serum albumin as chiral selector

The present paper deals with the enantiomeric separation of six antihistaminic enantiomers by affinity electrokinetic chromatography (AEKC)-partial filling technique using human serum albumin (HSA) as chiral selector. A multivariate optimization approach of the most critical experimental variables in enantioresolution, running pH, HSA concentration and HSA plug length (SPL) was carried out since there are interactions between variables that could not be considered in an univariate optimization. The estimated and experimental resolution values obtained for antihistaminic enantiomers varied from 1.13 (for orphenadrine) to 2.15 (for brompheniramine). The optimum experimental conditions for enantioresolution of each compound were: brompheniramine, pH 8.5, [HSA] 180 μM, SPL 180 s; chlorcyclizine, pH 6.5, [HSA] 180 μM, SPL 150 s; chlorpheniramine, pH 8.25, [HSA] 160 μM, SPL 150 s; hydroxyzine, pH 7.0, [HSA] 180 μM, SPL 150 s; and orphenadrine, pH 7.8, [HSA] 160 μM, SPL 150 s. pH and the quadratic term of pH seem to be the most critical factors that determine enantioresolution of antihistamines. The validity of the developed methodologies to enantiomeric quality control of antihistamines in pharmaceutical formulations is demonstrated analyzing the content of brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine and hyroxyzine enantiomers in commercially available pharmaceutical formulations containing racemic mixtures of compounds. Resolution, accuracy, reproducibility, cost and sample throughput of the proposed methodologies make them suitable for quality control of the enantiomeric composition of antihistamines in pharmaceutical preparations.     

Direct chiral high performance liquid chromatography separation of O-ethyl O-phenylN - isopropylphosphoroamidothioates

The enantiomers of thirty-nine O-ethyl O-phenyl N-isopropyl phosphoroamidothioates have been separated by high performance liquid chromatography on a Pirkle model chiral stationary phase using ten mobile phase. Chromatographic data are presented for the separation of these organic phosphorus enantiomers on the chiral phase. The influences of molecular structures and compositions of mobile phases have been described.     

Determination of Free D‐Amino Acids in Mammalia by Chiral Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Quantities of D‐amino acids were determined in body fluids (urine, blood plasma and blood serum, milk) of mammals (hamster, horse, bovine, sheep, pig, and dog). Amino acids were isolated using a cation exchanger and converted into their N(O)‐pentafluoropropionyl (or trifluoroacetyl) amino acid 2‐propyl esters. Enantiomers were separated and quantified on a Chirasil‐L‐Val capillary column with mass spectrometric detection using selected ion monitoring. D‐Enantiomers of most protein L‐amino acids were detected. Largest absolute and relative amounts in most cases were determined for D‐Ser and D‐Ala in urine. Stereoisomers of 2,6‐diaminopimelic acid were also measured in bovine, ovine, and porcine urine. Since D‐amino acids were detected in all representative classes of the major orders of Mammalia, namely Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Rodentia, and Carnivora, and taking reports in the literature into account, it is postulated that D‐amino acids occur in all mammals.     

A Chiral Recognition Mechanism Proposed for Resolving π-Acidic Racemates on π-Acidic Chiral Stationary Phases Derived from (S)-Leucine

A chiral recognition mechanism which can rationalize the resolution of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino amides on chiral stationary phases (CSPs) obtained from N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine amide derivatives has been proposed on the basis of the chromatographic resolution behavior of various N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino acid derivatives and N-(various benzoyl)leucine N-propyl amides. The proposed chiral recognition mechanism utilizes two hydrogen bonding interactions between the CSP and the analyte and a π-π donor-acceptor interaction between the N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) groups of the CSP and the analyte. From the chiral recognition mechanism proposed, it has been concluded that the resolution of π-acidic N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino acid derivatives on π-acidic CSPs derived from N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine amide delivatives is not unusual, but is merely the extension of the resolution of the π-basic racemates on π-acidic CSPs. However, the chromatographic behavior of the resolution of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine derivatives on CSPs derived from N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine amide derivatives is different from that of the resolution of other N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino acid derivatives. To rationalize this exceptional behavior, a second chiral recognition mechanism which utilizes two hydrogen bonding interactions (which are different from those of the first chiral recognition mechanism) between the CSP and the analytes and a π-π donor-acceptor interaction between the N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl) group of the CSP and the phenyl group of the analytes has been proposed to compete with the first chiral recognition mechanism. In this instance, it has been proposed that the separation factors and the elution orders of the resolution of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine derivatives are dependent on the balance of the two competing chiral recognition mechanisms.     

酪氨酸基于表面活性效应在碳糊电极上的伏安行为研究

研究了酪氨酸在表面活性剂存在下于碳糊电极上的电化学行为,发现表面活性剂能显著提高酪氨酸的氧化电流,在此基础上,建立了一种直接测定酪氨酸的电化学方法。优化了测定酪氨酸的试验参数,即介质的pH、扫描速度、富集电位和富集时间、表面活性剂的种类及其浓度等。峰电流与酪氨酸在1×10-7～3×10-5mol·L-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为6×10-8mol·L-1。1×10-5mol·L-1酪氨酸平行测定8次的标准偏差为4.6%。用该方法测定了人体尿液中酪氨酸的含量,取得了满意的结果。     

疏水性L-酒石酸酯立体选择性萃取分离氯噻酮对映体

研究了氯噻酮对映体在含有疏水性L-酒石酸酯手性选择体的水-1,2-二氯乙烷两相系统萃取分配行为,考察了pH、L-酒石酸酯烷基链长度、L-酒石酸酯浓度和磷酸盐浓度对分配系数和分离因子的影响。实验表明：L-酒石酸酯与氯噻酮I( )-对映体比与Ⅱ(-)-对映体形成更稳定的非对映体复合物;随着L-酒石酸酯取代烷基链长的增长,分配系数和分离因子增大;随着pH增大,分配系数增大,而分离因子降低;同时,L-酒石酸酯和磷酸盐浓度影响也比较大。     

Chirality in the Absence of Rigid Stereogenic Elements: The Absolute Configuration of Residual Enantiomers of C3‐Symmetric Propellers

Two new tris(aryl)phosphane oxides existing as configurationally stable residual enantiomers have been synthesised and their racemates resolved by semipreparative HPLC on a chiral stationary phase (CSP HPLC). One of them, recognised as a conglomerate, could be resolved by fractional crystallisation at a preparative scale level. In this case, the absolute configuration of the propeller‐shaped molecule was determined by anomalous X‐ray scattering. The problem of the correlative assignment of the absolute configuration to all known C₃‐symmetric three‐bladed propeller‐shaped molecules existing as stable residual enantiomers is discussed. The configurational stability of the new chiral phosphane oxides and of the corresponding phosphanes was evaluated by CD signal decay kinetics and dynamic ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The racemisation barriers in phosphanes were found about 10 kcal mol^?1 lower than those found for the corresponding oxides, though geometry and inter‐ring gearing would be very similar in the two series. Configurational stability of residual tris(aryl)phosphanes was found to be influenced by the electronic availability of the phosphorus centre, as evaluated by electrochemical CV experiments.     

磺丁基醚-β-环糊精手性流动相添加剂法分离兰索拉唑对映体

采用磺丁基醚-β-环糊精(SBE-β-CD)为手性流动相添加剂,建立了兰索拉唑对映体的高效液相色谱分离分析方法.对影响兰索拉唑对映体分离的主要因素:环糊精种类和浓度、缓冲溶液pH以及有机改性剂种类和含量进行考察.确定最优色谱条件:色谱柱为Spherigel C18 (150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为V(乙腈):V(水相)=20:80(水相含10 mmol/L SBE-β-CD、 10 mmol/L NaH2PO4缓冲液、 pH 2.5),流速为0.9 mL/min,检测波长为288 nm.在此条件下,兰索拉唑对映体的保留时间分别为14.4和15.8 min,分离度为2.0.两对映体质量浓度在0.2～50 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.9996),保留时间的RSD分别为0.27%和0.26%,峰面积的RSD分别为0.65%和0.68%.     

毛细管电泳氨类手性药物对映体拆分机理研究

手性药物及其对映体在药理上可表现出较大的差异,对它们进行研究将具有重要的理论意义和实用价值[1,2].毛细管区带电泳因其分离效率高、药品和试剂用量少、方法简单而成为目前手性拆分鉴定的重要方法之一[3].