Comparative study of ultrasonic pretreatment and ultrasound assisted three phase partitioning for extraction of custard apple seed oil

Custard apple seed oil is a marketable product extracted from custard apple seed which is a potential agriculture waste. The present work aims to elucidate simultaneous extraction of the custard apple seed oil and proteins using three phase partitioning (TPP). The efficient oil extraction was executed by optimization of parameters including time, slurry ratio, salt concentration, and slurry to t-butanol ratio. Additionally, the application of ultrasound as process intensification tool for TPP was studied that reduces the time of conventional TPP and increases the yield by 2.53%. The work also comprises a comparative study of two modes of ultrasound application, namely ultrasound pre-treatment and simultaneous ultrasound assisted TPP. This work proves ultrasonic pre-treatment followed by TPP as a superior mode of ultrasound application that attributes 33.6 ± 0.56% (w/w) oil extraction with optimized pre-treatment time of 150 s, 30 W ultrasound power and 75% duty cycle. Extraction kinetics studied for conventional, Ultrasound assisted Three Phase Partitioning (UTPP), and Ultrasound Pre-treatment assisted Three Phase Partitioning (UPTPP) were observed to fit Peleg’s model.     

Singlet oxygen lifetime dependence on photosensitizer concentration in lipid films

It was shown that lipids substantially influence singlet oxygen lifetime. Question arises whether photosensitizers triplet states and excitation energy transfer to oxygen are also affected by lipids. In this contribution, the influence of lipids on excitation energy transfer from lipophilic photosensitizer tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) to oxygen was investigated in bulk lipids and dry lipid films.Two components of TPP triplets decays were identified: quenching by oxygen which does not depend on TPP concentration and triplet-triplet annihilation. Rather long lifetimes of the TPP triplets around are due to low solubility and diffusion coefficient of oxygen in the lipid. They are also reflected in low signal of singlet oxygen luminescence. Kinetics of the singlet oxygen luminescence follow convolutions of two exponential decays: rise-time independent on concentration and well corresponding to the short component of TPP triplet decay and decay time decreasing from 14 to with increasing TPP concentration due to quenching of singlet oxygen by TPP.     

氧化和加氧酶的化学模拟 Ⅰ.MPc、MTPP/DMF(M=Fe、Co、Cu、Pc和TPP分别为酞菁和四苯基卟啉环;DMF为N-N′二甲基甲酰胺)体系的电子光谱和吸氧动力学

通过电子光谱法测定MPc的Q_(0-0)带和MTPP的Soret带吸光度随时间的变化,研究了MP在DMF介质中的吸氧动力学,按竞争串行反应机理的处理,表明MP的催化活性有如下关系: MPc>MTPP;Fe>Co>Cu MTPP在空气中的吸氧速率小于在纯氧中的,其比值约相当于空气中的氧分压;研究了含硫配体巯基乙醇和含氧配体抗坏血酸对上述体系的影响,前者使MP谱带发生较大的变化,吸氧速率常数普遍增大,后者的影响较小。     

Triphenylphosphine as reducing agent for copper(II)-catalyzed AGET ATRP

Triphenylphosphine(TPP) was used as reducing agent to continuously generate the Cu(I) activator in copper(II)-catalyzed activators generated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization(AGET ATRP). For example, the polymers prepared with a molar ratio of [MMA]0/[EBi B]0/[Cu Cl2]0/[PMDETA]0/[TPP]0 = 500/1/0.1/0.5/0.5 had controlled molecular weights and low molecular weight distribution(Mw/Mn) values(~1.2). TPP as a commercial reducing agent provides a convenient copper-catalyzed AGET ATRP procedure for the preparation of well-defined polymers.     

Asymmetric catalysis as a method for the synthesis of chiral organophosphorus compounds

This review discusses methods for the metallo-, organo- and biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of chiral organophosphorus compounds with many applications in stereoselective synthesis with references to updated literature reports as well as the author’s original research. Asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation and reduction with chiral organometallic complexes, together with actively used asymmetric organocatalytic versions of various reactions enable us to synthesize chiral organophosphonates and phosphinates with high enantioselectivity and purity. Asymmetric catalysis is also an effective tool to realize some classic reactions of phosphorus chemistry in a stereospecific manner.     

CS/TPP纳米微胶囊的制备及其载药性能

利用离子凝胶法, 以三聚磷酸钠(TPP)为交联剂, 由壳聚糖(CS)制备了CS/TPP纳米微胶囊. 用红外光谱仪、扫描电镜和粒径分析仪进行了表征, 并以牛血清蛋白(BSA)作为模型药物, 考察了所制备的CS/TPP纳米微胶囊的包载和缓释性能. 结果表明, CS/TPP纳米微胶囊的红外光谱相对于CS和TPP的红外光谱发生了很大变化, 说明CS和TPP通过正负电荷吸引聚合成囊; 粒径分析表明, 离子凝胶法可以得到粒径约430 nm的均匀分散的壳聚糖纳米微胶囊, 经冷冻干燥后粒径变为300 nm左右; 微胶囊包封率最高可达79.74%, 模型药物的持续释放时间可达7 d以上.     

Y型分子筛固载(1S,2S)-DPEN-Ru(TPP)2催化苯乙酮不对称加氢

采用自由配体法将(1S,2S)-DPEN(1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethylene-diamine)-Ru(TPP)2(TPP=三苯基膦,triphenylphosphine)配合物封装于NaY沸石分子筛超笼中,制备了(1S,2S)-DPEN-Ru(TPP)2/Y主客体材料(1S,2S)-DPEN=1,2-二苯基-1,2-乙二胺).采用等离子体发射光谱ICP、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外光谱(UV-Vis)、氮吸附等物理化学手段对所制备材料进行了表征.结果表明,(1S,2S)-DPEN-Ru(TPP)2配合物封装于Y型分子筛超笼中保持了原有的物理化学性能;作为苯乙酮不对称加氢催化剂,在优化条件下,苯乙酮的转化率可达100%,(R)-苯乙醇的对映体过量值(ee值)可达61.0%.该催化剂具有良好的稳定性和重复使用性.     

Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. XI. Data for liquid water for energies from 50 eV to 30 keV

We calculated electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) for liquid water from its optical energy‐loss function (ELF) for electron energies from 50 eV to 30 keV. These calculations were made with the relativistic full Penn algorithm that has been used for previous IMFP and electron stopping‐power calculations for many elemental solids. We also calculated IMFPs of water with three additional algorithms: the relativistic single‐pole approximation, the relativistic simplified single‐pole approximation, and the relativistic extended Mermin method. These calculations were made by using the same optical ELF in order to assess any differences of the IMFPs arising from choice of the algorithm. We found good agreement among the IMFPs from the four algorithms for energies over 300 eV. For energies less than 100 eV, however, large differences became apparent. IMFPs from the relativistic TPP‐2M equation for predicting IMFPs were in good agreement with IMFPs from the four algorithms for energies between 300 eV and 30 keV, but there was poorer agreement for lower energies. We calculated values of the static structure factor as a function of momentum transfer from the full Penn algorithm. The resulting values were in good agreement with results from first‐principle calculations and with inelastic X‐ray scattering spectroscopy experiments. We made comparisons of our IMFPs with earlier calculations from authors who had used different algorithms and different ELF data sets. IMFP differences could then be analyzed in terms of the algorithms and the data sets. Finally, we compared our IMFPs with measurements of IMFPs and of a related quantity, the effective attenuation length. There were large variations in the measured IMFPs and effective attenuation lengths (as well as their dependence on electron energy). Further measurements are therefore required to establish consistent data sets and for more detailed comparisons with calculated IMFPs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.