Experimental measurements of flow and flame spread in the development of a fire testing facility

A fire testing facility named the “MSU Fire Tunnel” has been developed. The intent was to devise a testing apparatus that controlled the flow of oxidizing gas in the tunnel to an extent not heretofore accomplished. A novel approach was developed for mounting the flame-spread samples flush with the surface of an “airfoil”. This method avoids previous complications of determining the exact position of the leading edge of the velocity boundary layer. Data were gathered for the flow field using hot-wire anemometry. These data indicated that a zero-pressure gradient Blasius boundary layer flow was established along the airfoil and fuel sample surfaces. Opposed-flow flame-spread tests were conducted and correlations were produced that support the predictive capacity of this apparatus. It was shown that the opposed flow flame-spread data allowed distinctions to be made between correlations of previous researchers. No such comparisons were formerly possible. A finite-chemistry correlation was shown to be consistent with, and similar to, correlations derived in the previous work.     

The changing role of physical testing in vehicle development programmes

The role of physical testing in product development is changing due to the requirements for faster new product development, reduced tolerance of failures in the field and the emergence of computer aided engineering (CAE) technologies. To be used most effectively, testing must be seen as an integral part of the process for reducing risks associated with new product introductions. Quality function deployment (QFD) and failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) can be used to establish effective test and development plans that integrate the use of virtual and physical testing. By effectively integrating virtual and physical test technologies significant improvements in product performance can be achieved within shorter times and with reduced development and manufacturing costs. The approach was illustrated by a process of reducing in-cab noise during the design of a new truck.     

Comparative analysis on thermal non-destructive testing imagery applying Candid Covariance-Free Incremental Principal Component Thermography (CCIPCT)

Thermal and infrared imagery creates considerable developments in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) area. Here, a thermography method for NDT specimens inspection is addressed by applying a technique for computation of eigen-decomposition which refers as Candid Covariance-Free Incremental Principal Component Thermography (CCIPCT). The proposed approach uses a shorter computational alternative to estimate covariance matrix and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to obtain the result of Principal Component Thermography (PCT) and ultimately segments the defects in the specimens applying color based K-medoids clustering approach. The problem of computational expenses for high-dimensional thermal image acquisition is also investigated. Three types of specimens (CFRP, Plexiglas and Aluminium) have been used for comparative benchmarking. The results conclusively indicate the promising performance and demonstrate a confirmation for the outlined properties.     

石墨电极的纯度对直读光谱分析的影响

石墨电极的纯度对光谱分析的影响只是在一些书中提及,表作试验研究和分析,对电极的纯度的检验未作有效论述。文中就此问题提出了作者的见解,拟定了检验电极纯度的方法。     

Measurement uncertainty—policy and guidance documents issued by accreditation bodies

ISO/IEC 17025 contains general requirements for the competence of calibration and testing laboratories, including those for the evaluation and reporting of measurement uncertainty. Some accreditation bodies have issued additional guidance documents and regulations related to uncertainty, five of which are briefly commented on here.Presented at Roche Diagnostics' Workshop on in vitro diagnostics directive. A Nordic event about the implication of traceability and uncertainty in practice, Helsinki, February 13, 2003.     

Exact tests in simple growth curve models and one-way ANOVA with equicorrelation error structure

We consider exact tests with several equicorrelation error structures and combination of equicorrelation covariance structures in simple growth curve model having single or multiple treatments and in one-way ANOVA model. Exact inferences using generalized p-values are obtained. Tests for equal treatment effects under equal equicorrelation error term and for unequal equicorrelation error terms are also developed. Two examples are given to illustrate the importance of our results. According to our findings, we would be better off dropping the assumption of equal variance when the heteroscedasticity is serious. Therefore, tests based on generalized p-values without the assumption of equal variance are much more powerful than tests with this assumption.     

视觉极限衬比测试仪设计

本文介绍了人眼视觉极限衬比测试仪的原理、设计方法、功能及主要参数.其主要原理是在主光路和辅助光路中分别置一偏振片,其偏振方向相互垂直.旋转组合光路中的检偏镜,即可得到可供观察用的变衬比鉴别率图象.文章指出,使用这种仪器检测人眼视觉衬比的良好结果表明,新仪器研制是成功的.     

Testing problems with nuisance parameters: Linear models under non-classical assumptions

Summary Most testing problems involve a multidimensional parameter, only one component of which characterizes the hypotheses. In a mathematically strong sense, there are only two methods to cope with the remaining component, the so called nuisance parameter. Firstly, conditioning on a sufficient and complete statistic and, secondly, reduction by invariance. Both methods require strong assumptions on the underlying class of distributions. Therefore the local asymptotic approach is reviewed, which extends Neyman's theory ofC()-tests and yields, in a unified way, approximate optimal test statistics for smoothly indexed families. That device is applied to non-normal heteroscedastic linear models.This is a written account of an invited lecture delivered by the second author on occasion of the 12. Symposium über Operations Research, Passau, 9.–11. 9. 1987.     

讨论式教学模式在《高分子化学》课程中的应用和思考

《高分子化学》是材料学专业特别是高分子材料专业重要的基础课程,其课程内容既包含理论科学又涉及实际应用。作为一门相对年轻的学科,有些概念和理论仍处在不断完善及发展中。从以学生为"主角"的角度出发,探讨了《高分子化学》讨论式教学的内容和形式,实现理论与实验教学的无缝连接并确立了相应的评价体系。通过将"讨论式"教学模式切实有效地融入到《高分子化学》课程当中,极大地调动学生的积极性,提高学生的综合素养,为后续专业课程打下坚实的基础。     

Migration and Precipitation of Platinum in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Despite the recent progress in increasing the power generation of Anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), their durability is still far lower than that of Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Using the complementary techniques of X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, we have identified Pt ion migration as an important factor to explain the decay in performance of AEMFCs. In alkaline media Pt⁺² ions are easily formed which then either undergo dissolution into the carbon support or migrate to the membrane. In contrast to PEMFCs, where hydrogen cross over reduces the ions forming a vertical “Pt line” within the membrane, the ions in the AEM are trapped by charged groups within the membrane, leading to disintegration of the membrane and failure. Diffusion of the metal components is still observed when the Pt/C of the cathode is substituted with a FeCo−N−C catalyst, but in this case the Fe and Co ions are not trapped within the membrane, but rather migrate into the anode, thereby increasing the stability of the membrane.