不同类型聚合物溶液对采油残余油的作用机理研究

通过实验测定了HPAM溶液和黄原胶溶液的流变性、在多孔介质中的流变性和残余阻力系数 ,计算了衰竭层效应 .用不同的浓度和注入速度进行了驱油实验 .提出聚合物分子缠结作用的增强不仅引起表观粘度增加或衰竭层厚度降低 ,而且使平行于油水界面的拉动残余油的力增加 ,从而使残余油饱和度降低 ,采收率提高 .随浓度增加 ,HPAM溶液的表观粘度和残余阻力系数增加 ,衰竭层厚度减小 ;黄原胶溶液的浓度高于缠结浓度时 ,衰竭层厚度和表观粘度变化不大 .注入速度增加时 ,两种聚合物溶液的衰竭层厚度均降低 ,HPAM溶液的残余阻力系数不变 ,粘弹性增加 ;而黄原胶溶液的残余阻力系数下降 .不同浓度和注入速度情况下两种聚合物溶液的驱油结果证实了文中提出的聚合物分子缠结作用和衰竭层效应对残余油的作用机理 .分子结构的不同是造成两种聚合物溶液在多孔介质中渗流规律和对残余油作用机理的差别的根本原因 .     

Fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring deterioration of extra virgin olive oil during heating

The potential of fluorescence spectroscopy for characterizing the deterioration of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) during heating was investigated. Two commercial EVOO were analysed by HPLC to determine changes in EVOO vitamin E and polyphenols as a result of heating at 170°C for 3 h. This thermal oxidation of EVOO caused an exponential decrease in hydroxytyrosol and vitamin E (R²=0.90 and 0.93, respectively) whereas the tyrosol content was relatively stable. At the same time, amounts of preformed hydroperoxides (ROOH), analysed by an indirect colorimetric method, decreased exponentially during the heating process (R²=0.94), as a result of their degradation into secondary peroxidation products. Fluorescence excitation spectra with emission at 330 and 450 nm were recorded to monitor polyphenols and vitamin E evolution and ROOH degradation, respectively. Partial least-squares calibration models were built to predict these indicators of EVOO quality from oil fluorescence spectra. A global approach was then proposed to monitor the heat charge from the overall fluorescence fingerprint. Different data pretreatment methods were tested. This study indicates that fluorescence spectroscopy is a promising, rapid, and cost-effective approach for evaluating the quality of heat-treated EVOO, and is an alternative to time-consuming conventional analyses. In future work, calibration models will be developed using a wide range of EVOO samples.     

Characterization of Lippia sidoides oil extract-b-cyclodextrin complexes using combined thermoanalytical techniques

Thermoanalytical techniques, being rapid and un-expensive have been used for the investigation of the cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for three decades. The conventional thermoanalytical techniques (TG and DTA/DSC) follow the thermal properties of the uncomplexed compounds. Consequently, the inclusion complex formation as well as the liberation of the entrapped guest cannot be followed. Monitoring the products of the thermal fragmentation of parent cyclodextrin and the included molecule(s), applying TG-MS combined technique provides evidence concerning the inclusion complex formation, and besides, gives selective signal to follow the decomposition of the cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. b-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of Thymol and Lippia sidoides Cham essential oil extract have been prepared and investigated using conventional and combined (TG-MS) thermoanalytical techniques. The evolved gas analysis proved the inclusion complex formation between the host and guests. By the evaluation of the experimental results the elaboration of the entrapped guests from the cyclodextrin cavity could be followed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The analysis of lubricating oil additives by supercritical fluid chromatography with packed and open tubular capillary columns

Lubricating oil additives have been analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography on open tubular and packed capillary columns. Carbon dioxide and modified carbon dioxide were used as mobile phases and detection was accomplished by flame ionization and micro UV. Rapid and efficient analysis of the lubricating oil additives was demonstrated.     

植物油的质谱分析：1.蓖麻油

运用一种植物油的系统分析方法测定蓖麻油的精细组分，这包括皂化，ＢＦ３－ＭｅＯＨ甲基化，ＧＣ－ＣＩＭＳ法测定脂肪酸碳链长度和不饱和度，ＡＭＰ衍生化，ＧＣ－ＥＩＭＳ测定不饱和脂肪酸的双链位置，分析了蓖麻油的十一种脂肪酸组分，有五个为未知组分，并测定了其中三个组分的双链位置。     

Determination of Arsenic Species in Fish Oil After Acid Digestion

Arsenic speciation is of increasing interest to the food industry, as concerns about high total arsenic concentrations in food can often be alleviated to a great extent if the ratio of toxic, less toxic and non-toxic arsenic compounds in the sample is known. The lipid matrix of fish oil is a challenge in the determination of arsenic species, as current methods for this type of analysis require the analyte to be water-soluble. In this study, two sample preparation techniques were applied. One the one hand water-soluble species were extracted with methanol/water, on the other, acid digestion was applied to release lipid-soluble arsenic compounds into the aqueous phase. Ion chromatography – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) was used for separation and sensitive element-specific detection of arsenic compounds. Additional experiments, including alkaline hydrolysis, were carried out to find out more about the type of lipids arsenic is bound to in fish oil. Up to eight different arsenic species were detected and quantified in fish oil with dimethylarsinate being the major compound both in the aqueous extract and in the acid digest. No inorganic arsenic was detected in the aqueous extract, and the maximum concentration of arsenate determined in the acid digest was 0.05 μg g⁻¹. The total arsenic concentration determined by ICP-MS ranged from <0.1 to 5 μg g⁻¹. With regard to the mass balance, approximately 1% of the total arsenic content was extractable with methanol/water, whereas the sum of arsenic species quantified after acid digestion yielded 85–100% of the total arsenic content. It was confirmed that the large fraction of arsenic in fish oil not extractable on an aqueous basis consists of organoarsenic compounds. This new approach in sample preparation makes the complete characterization of the arsenic content in the sample possible with regard to the respective species, providing necessary information required for risk assessment.     

Bond interchange reactions in functionalized triglyceride oil/poly(ethylene terephthalate) compositions

Naturally functionalized triglyceride oils are renewable resources which contain reactive chemical groups, hydroxyl in the case of castor oil, and epoxide in the case of vernonia oil. In this article, the reaction of these groups, and the ester linkages between the glycerol and acid residue portions of the oil molecule with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is investigated through a variety of means. Multiple reactions are possible in the triglyceride–PET system, some of which form a copolymer that increases miscibility, and if allowed to continue, forms a completely random copolymer mixture. Among the numerous reactions possible, PET–ester exchange with the hydroxyl or epoxide functionality of the triglyceride oils is found to be the most significant, and the effects of these and other reactions are observed and structural implications discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

混合溶剂火焰原子吸收法直接测定原油中的镍

混合溶剂火焰原子吸收法直接测定原油中的镍刘广东袁存光张丙华刘文钦（石油大学（华东），山东东营２５７０６２）彭力（中国石油天然气总公司环保处，北京１００７２４）关键词原油，混合溶剂，无机盐标准，原子吸收法，镍测定原油中，微量元素镍、钒、铁、铜的存在对...     

Analysis of free and esterified sterols in vegetable oil methyl esters by capillary GC

The introduction of quality standards for vegetable oil methyl esters is gaining in importance due to their increased use as diesel fuel substitutes and as technical products. Free and esterified sterols, the main constituents of the unsaponifiable matter in vegetable oils, are recovered in vegetable oil methyl esters and may influence the technical properties of vegetable oil methyl ester products. A rapid gas chromatographic method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of free and esterified sterols in vegetable oil methyl esters has therefore been developed. The concentration of the free sterols as well as their qualitative and quantitative composition and the concentration of the sterol esters have been determined in rape seed oil methyl ester samples by GC–FID. Prior to analysis, the free sterols were silylated with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide with 1% of trimethylchlorosilane; betulinol was used as an internal standard. Calibration was performed by analysis of standard solutions containing β-sitosterol, cholesteryl stearate, and betulinol. The reproducibility of the quantitative results has been evaluated by repeated injections of the same test solution and by repeated complete analysis of the same sample.     

Increase in removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated sandy soil

A 2³ full factorial experimental design was adopted to estimate the effects of three variables on the biodegradation of oil during soil bioremediation: bioaugmentation seeding a mixed culture, addition of fertilizer or mineral media, and correction of initial pH of the soil to 7.0. The tests were carried out in polyvinyl chloride reactors with 5.0 kg of crude oil-contaminated soil at 14 g/kg. After screening the variables, soil bioremediation tests were conduced with varied C:N ratios, yielding an increase in biodegradation of the oil heavy fraction from 24 to 65%, consumption of total n-paraffins, and a remarkable decrease in the concentration of residual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of the soil.