Using two scaling exponents to describe the mechanical properties of swollen elastomers

We study the ability of two scaling exponents to describe the mechanical properties of swollen elastomers. Swelling effects on the Young's modulus and osmotic pressure of swollen elastomers at equilibrium swelling are investigated using literature data and the Flory–Rehner free energy function. An extended model is developed by introducing two scaling exponents into elastic strain energy functions that are separated into deviatoric and volumetric components. This extended model satisfactorily reproduces the two different swelling effects, and also predicts swelling-induced rupture. The predicted tendency readily explains experimental observations well, i.e., swelling-induced rupture occurs when small extensions are applied in good solvents, and elucidates the mechanism of swelling-induced rupture of elastomers.     

空间电动力绳系统理论及实验研究

本文关注在轨航天器中具有导电性能的电动力绳系统,因其复杂动响应特征及潜在应用前景值得学者们深入研究。论文阐述了电动力绳系统的工作原理,对系统的力学建模、动力学行为、控制、应用、在轨实验及地面实验方法等研究进展进行了详细总结,同时提出电动力绳系统有待进一步探究的科学与技术问题。     

Abnormal crowd behavior detection by using the particle entropy

The crowd distribution information is the crucial information for abnormal behaviors detection in the crowd scenes. In this paper, we firstly refer to the definition of the entropy and propose an algorithm effectively and accurately representing the crowd distribution information in the crowd scenes. The proposed algorithm not only avoids unstable foreground extraction, but also owns low computational complexity. To detect the abnormal crowd behaviors, we use the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) over the normal crowd behaviors to predict the abnormal crowd behaviors since GMM usually can deal well with the unbalanced problem. In this paper we simultaneously use the crowd distribution information and the crowd speed information to estimate the parameters of GMM over the normal crowd behaviors and predict abnormal crowd behaviors. Experiment conducted on publicly available dataset consisting of gathering and dispersion events validates that the proposed approach can preeminently reflect the crowd distribution information. In addition, experiments conducted on publicly UMN dataset demonstrate that the proposed abnormal crowd behavior detection method has an excellent performance and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.     

Effect of geometrical imperfections on swelling-induced buckling patterns in gel films with a square lattice of holes

In this study, we investigate the effect of geometrical imperfections on swelling-induced buckling patterns in gel films with a square lattice of holes. Finite element analysis is performed using the inhomogeneous field theory of polymeric gels in equilibrium proposed by Hong et al. (2009). Periodic units consisting of 2 × 2 and 10 × 10 unit cells are analyzed under a generalized plane strain assumption. Geometrical imperfections are introduced using randomly oriented elliptical holes. The 2 × 2 unit cells show that the resulting buckling patterns are sensitive to imperfections; three different buckling patterns are obtained, and the most dominant one is the diamond plate pattern observed in experiments, which cannot be described using the model without imperfections. The 10 × 10 unit cells reveal that random imperfections are responsible for inducing homogeneous transformation into the diamond plate pattern. Furthermore, domain wall formation is simulated using a 10 × 10 unit cell model containing two elliptic holes.     

Spatiotemporal breather in diffraction decreasing media

The similarity transformation between the (3+1$3+1$)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with different distributed transverse diffraction and the standard nonlinear Schrödinger equation is found, and a spatiotemporal breather solution is given based on this transformation. The control for the evolutional behaviors of a spatiotemporal breather is discussed. Our results manifest that the relation between the maximum accumulated time _Tm$T_m$ and the accumulated time, _T0$T_0$, with the maximum amplitude, is the basis to realize the control and manipulation of propagation behaviors of breathers, such as fast and slow excitations, sustainment and restraint. These results are potentially useful for future experiments in the optical communications and Bose–Einstein condensations.     

Radiation preparation and thermo-response swelling of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of PNIPAAm and PMMA

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel composed of hydrophilic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were synthesized by sequential IPN method using γ-rays from ⁶⁰Co source. Compared with pure PNIPAAm hydrogel, PNIPAAm/ PMMA IPN hydrogel not only behaved with obvious temperature sensitivity, but also had higher mechanical strength. The shrinking rate of the prepared IPN hydogel was slower than that of PNIPAAm hydrogel and the relative shrinkage was higher than that of PNIPAAm hydrogel. The IPN hydrogel with less PMMA was not stable while with more PMMA it was quite stable. In addition, the release of Methylene Blue (MB) from the IPN hydrogel was slower than that from PNIPAAm hydrogel as well.     

Magnetocaloric effect in Y-doped La0.6Ca0.4MnO3 enhanced by Griffiths phase and re-entrance of first-order phase transition

It has been known that bulk La_0.6Ca_0.4MnO₃ is an intermediate material of the first- and second-order characters with the tricritical-point exponents, and the doping of a metal ion in it usually causes a continuous second-order transition. The present work reports the re-entrance of a discontinuous first-order transition in orthorhombic La_0.6-xY_xCa_0.4MnO₃ (x = 0.03–0.09) compounds. This enhances the magnetocaloric effect. For the field H = 30 kOe, the maximum magnetic-entropy change (|ΔS_max|) and relative cooling power (RCP) have been evaluated being about 5.45–6.3 J/kg·K and 130–185 J/kg, respectively. If combining these compounds as refrigerant blocks in a rotary ring model, a magnetic cooling device can operate at temperatures T = 85–280 K, with |ΔS_max| ≈ 5.5 J/kg⋅K and RCP ≈ 1073 J/kg. Aside from the re-entranced first-order phase transition, the magnetization and structural analyses have proved the enhanced magnetocaloric effect in La_0.6-xY_xCa_0.4MnO₃ related to a Griffiths singularity, and local Jahn-Teller distortions of the perovskite structure (since the Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ ratio and orthorhombic structural phase are unchanged vs. x).     

Zno纳米粒子在PS中空微反应器中的合成与光学性能

通过种子乳液聚合合成核壳结构的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/聚苯乙烯(PMMA/PS)复合微球,通过酸碱溶胀法进一步制备出次微米级的PS中空微球. 将此中空微球作为微反应器,使在ZnO纳米粒子前驱体溶液中溶胀, 最终ZnO纳米粒子在PS中空微球中原位生成. 实验表明, 组成ZnO纳米粒子前驱体溶液的两种组 分(CH₃COO)₂Zn和LiOH的滴加顺序不同对最终生成的ZnO纳米粒子的尺寸和负载效率有很大的影响,但并不改变ZnO纳米粒子的晶型. 复合物的光致发光和UV-Vis吸     

Swelling and structure of radiation induced near-surface damage in CR-39 and its chemical etching

Systematic measurements of swelling of CR-39 nuclear track detector (NTD) due to irradiation with fission fragments and alpha particles over a wide range of fluences from ²⁵²Cf are presented here. Precisely designed and optimized exposure and chemical etching experiments were employed to unfold the structure of radiation induced surface damage. Delays in the startup of the chemical etching of latent tracks in low radiation fluence detectors are measured and are found to contain important information about structure of the surface damage. Simple atomic scale pictures of radiation induced surface damage and its chemical etching are developed using measurements of radiation induced swelling of CR-39 detectors and nuclear track parameters. The computer code SRIM2010 was utilized for the calculations of basic features of latent tracks of fission fragments and alpha particles in CR-39. Another computer code TRACK_VISION was used to compute parameters of etched tracks. Computations and experimental findings in the paper coherently compose a realistic picture of radiation damage.     

Torsional Swelling of a Hyperelastic Tube with Helically Wound Reinforcement

This paper examines the combination of radial deformation with torsion for a circular cylindrical tube composed of a transversely isotropic hyperelastic material subject to finite deformation swelling. The stored energy function involves separate matrix and fiber contributions such that the fiber contribution is minimized when the fiber direction is at a natural length. This natural length is not affected by the swelling. Hence swelling preferentially expands directions that are orthogonal to the fiber. The swelling itself is described via a swelling field that prescribes the local free volume at each location in the body. Such a treatment is a relatively simple generalization of the conventional incompressible theory. The direction of transverse isotropy associated with the fiber reinforcement is described by a helical winding about the tube axis. The swelling induced preferential expansion orthogonal to this direction induces the torsional aspect of the deformation. For a specific class of strain energy functions we find that the twist increases with swelling and approaches a limiting asymptotic value as the swelling becomes large. The fibers reorient such that fibers at the inner portion of the tube assume a more circumferential orientation whereas, at least for small and moderate swelling, the fibers in the outer portion of the tube assume a more axial orientation. For large swelling the fibers in the outer portion of the tube reorient beyond the axial orientation, and so are described by helices with orientation in the opposite sense to that in the reference configuration.