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A simple scheme is developed for treatment of vertical bed topography in shallow water flows. The effect of the vertical step on flows is modelled with the shallow water equations including local energy loss terms. The bed elevation is denoted with zb‐ for the left and zb+ for the right values at each grid point, hence exactly representing a discontinuity in the bed topography. The surface gradient method (SGM) is generalized to reconstruct water depths at cell interfaces involving a vertical step so that the fluxes at the cell interfaces can accurately be calculated with a Riemann solver. The scheme is verified by predicting a surge crossing a step, a tidal flow over a step and dam‐break flows on wet/dry beds. The results have shown good agreements compared with analytical solutions and available experimental data. The scheme is efficient, robust, and may be used for practical flow calculations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
GAO Jing ZHOU Xiaohua CHEN Xun Chongqing University Chemical Engineering Department Chongqing China 《Chinese Journal of Reactive Polymers》2006,(2)
1. INTRODUCTION In the process of coking plant, about 30%~35% sulfur is transformed to H2S and some other sulfide, which form impurity in coal gas together with NH3 and HCN. Only 0.1% H2S containing in air can lead to die, so it is very important to carry on desulphurization and decyanation with coal gas [1~3]. Currently desulphurization and decyanation craft technique have Dry Oxidation Technology, Wet Oxidation Technology and Liquid Absorption Technology [2] three main kinds. The… 相似文献
14.
Most of the novel highly potent drugs, developed on the basis of modern molecular medicine, taking into account cell surface recognition techniques, show poor water solubility. A chemical modification of the drug substance enhancing the solubility often decreases the pharmacological activity. Thus, as an alternative an increase of the solubility can be obtained by the reduction of the size of the drug particles. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to obtain micro or nanosized drug particles by classical or more advanced crystallization using supercritical gases or by milling techniques. In addition, nanosized particles are often not physically stable and need to be stabilized in an appropriate matrix. Thus, it may be of interest to manufacture directly nanosized drug particles stabilized in an inert hydrophilic matrix, i.e. nanostructured and nanocomposite systems. Solid solutions and solid dispersions represent nanostructured and nanocomposite systems. In this context, the use of the vacuum-fluidized-bed technique for the spray-drying of a low water soluble drug cosolubilized with a hydrophilic excipient in a polar organic solvent is discussed. In order to avoid the use of organic solvents, a special spray-freeze-drying technique working at atmospheric pressure is presented. This process is very suitable for temperature and otherwise sensitive drugs such as pharmaproteins. 相似文献
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通过改变带细玻璃管的烧瓶中水的温度导致水位变化来粗略演示水的收缩情况.为较准确测定水最大密度时的温度,将2个温度计放在水下较浅处和较深处,分别测量当温度经由4℃升高时和由4℃降低时两温度计的示数,进而验证水的反常热膨胀特性. 相似文献
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Bajdik J. Pintye-Hódi K. Novák Cs. Kelemen A. Regdon G. Erős I. 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2002,68(2):613-627
The extents of the protective effects of coating films on the surface of crystals were determined. Three different samples
were made with different quantities of coating fluid (Sepifilm LP 010 in 10% aqueous solution). Since the atomizing rate was
constant, the coating time increased in parallel with the volume of coating fluid applied. The direct measurement of film
thickness and smoothness is very difficult, and therefore indirect methods were used. Dimenhydrinate was chosen as model drug;
this is a heat-sensitive antihistamine with a low melting point. This temperature can be reached during the tableting process.
The behaviour of samples on exposure to heat was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The water uptakes of the samples
were determined with an Enslin apparatus. Plasticity was studied with an instrumented tablet machine. These indirect methods
(thermal conductivity, water uptake and plasticity measurements) revealed connections between the results of the various experiments.
An overlong coating time decreased the protective effect of the coating film.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
The effect of the amount of desorbed water on the mechanical properties of composites based on low-density polyethylene and linen yarn production waste (LW) is analyzed by statistical methods. It is shown that the amount of absorbed water decreases during the desorption process at room temperature both for specimens modified and unmodified with diphenylmethane diisocyanate (DIC.) The most sensitive to the action of water is the elastic modulus, which decreases considerably under the effect of water and is fully restored in the desorption process. The tensile strain also increases with the amount of absorbed water. It is found that the elastic modulus of the unmodified composite correlates linearly with the amount of desorbed water. Between the amount of desorbed water and the tensile strain, as well the specific work of deformation, a negative linear correlation is revealed. After water desorption, all strength and deformation characteristics of both the modified and unmodified composites are fully recovered.__________Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 515–524, July–August, 2005. 相似文献
20.
Palladium-containing zeolites catalyze the cycloisomerization of diethyl diallylmalonate to dimethylcyclopentenes. When the reaction is carried out in toluene, the performance of the palladium catalyst depends on the pore size of the zeolites. At 60 °C, palladium adsorbed on large pore size Beta zeolite (pore size ∼7.4 Å) is more active than medium pore size ZSM-5 (pore size ∼5.4 Å). This lower activity of ZSM-5 compared to Beta is attributable to the restricted diffusion of reagent and products through the ZSM-5 channels as compared to Beta zeolite. However, due to the gas-like diffusion characteristic of the supercritical state, the activity of ZSM-5 increases and becomes identical to that of Beta zeolite using supercritical CO2 as medium. 相似文献