(R)-2,3-Cyclohexylideneglyceraldehyde: a novel template for simple entry into both cis- and trans-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans

Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation at the terminal olefin of benzoates 3a and 3b, using both AD-mix α and AD-mix β afforded only one diastereomer of diols 5a and 5b, respectively. Diols 5a and 5b were easily transformed into cis- and trans-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans 7 and 14, respectively, which were subsequently converted into known compounds 12 and 19.     

pH调控合成溴氧铋纳米片的底物依赖光催化特性

近年来,半导体光催化技术已广泛用于去除水中有机污染物.在各类光催化剂中,具有合适禁带宽度的溴氧铋(BiOBr,2.7 eV)材料吸引了众多研究者兴趣.通常情况下,半导体光催化降解有机污染物性能主要与光催化材料的结构性质,如物相组成、颗粒粒径、材料表面结构等相关.研究已经证实了TiO2光催化降解有机污染物具有底物依赖的特性,但是BiOBr的有机物降解特性与底物性质的关系研究尚未见文献报道.为发展高效的BiOBr太阳光催化污染净化技术,研究有机底物与BiOBr光催化降解性能的关系具有重要意义.本文分别在pH =1和pH =3条件下采用水热法合成了BiOBr纳米片(BOB-1和BOB-3),并通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)等技术表征了所制备半导体光催化材料.结果表明,在不同pH条件下均能合成具有高结晶度的四方相BiOBr, BOB-1和BOB-3均由不规则的纳米片组成, BOB-3纳米片宽度大约为0.6–1.5μm,厚度大约27–44 nm,而BOB-1纳米片宽度大约为0.7–2.0μm,厚度大约50 nm.选区电子衍射观察到了BOB-1和BOB-3清晰的晶格条纹,晶格间距为0.20和0.28 nm,分别对应着四方晶系的(020)面和(110)面.选取罗丹明B(RhB)和水杨酸(SA)为典型有机底物分子,研究了BOB-1和BOB-3纳米片的底物依赖光催化特性.结果表明, BOB-1吸附SA和RhB 1 h后,吸附率分别仅为0.2%和0.8%,而BOB-3对SA和RhB的效率分别可达9.1%和12.7%;光催化降解两种底物分子的结果表明, BOB-1和BOB-3降解RhB的速率分别为4.00以及16.10 g·min–1·m2,而降解SA的速率分别为和2.35 g·min–1·m2.可见, BOB-1显示了高效降解SA的能力,而, BOB-3则表现出更强的降解RhB活性.电化学Mott-Schottky和电动电位测试结果表明, BOB-1比BOB-3有更正的价带电位和更低的表面电荷.捕获实验(KI捕获空穴, K2Cr2O7捕获电子,氩气捕获超氧负离子,异丙醇捕获羟基自由基)表明光生空穴与超氧负离子是BOB-3降解RhB的主要活性物种,而BOB-1降解SA主要是光生空穴作用,电子顺磁共振(ESR)测试进一步证实了以上结果.光电流密度测试结果表明,可见光作用下RhB可被激发到RhB*,导致BOB-3的电子空穴对分离效率高;而当电解质中存在SA时,催化剂的表面羟基与SA形成氢键,致使光生电子与空穴分离效果变差,因而光电流减少.本文提出了pH调控合成溴氧铋纳米片的底物依赖光催化降解RhB和SA机理,与BiOBr导带电位、底物分子吸附量、底物分子物理化学性质相关. BOB-1和BOB-3纳米片催化剂在可见光激发下能产生光生导带电子和价带空穴,这些光生载流子可迁移到催化剂表面.染料分子RhB在可见光作用下能发生光敏化作用生成激发态RhB*, RhB*可以将电子注入BOB-3催化剂的导带,导带上的光生电子与RhB*注入电子与吸附在其表面的氧气共同作用生成更多的超氧负离子,从而高效降解RhB.由于BOB-1比BOB-3有更正导带电势,导带电子无法直接还原氧气生成超氧负离子,仅能依靠光生空穴直接氧化RhB,导致BOB-1表现出降解RhB性能弱;对于无色的底物SA,吸附较多SA的BOB-3催化剂上的表面羟基与SA之间形成氢键作用,抑制了光生电子与空穴对的分离,导致BOB-3在可见光光催化降解SA活性弱,而BOB-1表面吸附SA较少,同时BOB-1有更负的价带电位,利用光生空穴与吸附在催化剂表面的SA反应,从而表现出高效降解SA的性能.     

近红外光谱技术定量测定基质参数研究

无土栽培具有省地、省时等诸多优点,是农业生产中发展最快的技术之一,基质选择是无土栽培成功与否的关键之一.因此,对基质参数的快速测定具有重要意义.文章采用近红外光谱技术定量测定基质中含水率、电导率和pH值,利用基线校正和微分方法对光谱进行预处理,在不同的波段范围建立不同的偏最小二乘(partial least squar...     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Wedge-shaped fracturing in the pull out of FRP stiffeners from quasi-brittle substrates

Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) strips can be glued to the surface of concrete or masonry structures to improve their strength. Pull-out tests on FRP bonds have shown a progressive failure of the adhesive joint involving early-stage cracking parallel to the axis of the FRP stiffener, and an inclined crack initiating at the free end of the stiffener and extending into the quasi-brittle substrate in the latest stage. The subsurface crack produces a characteristic wedge-shaped spall. There is no consensus on the reasons for the transition from cracking along the bond to cracking within the substrate. Therefore a Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics model problem is presented here that accounts for and provides improved understanding of the formation of the subsurface crack. The boundary value problem is solved analytically using the distributed dislocation technique. Competition between crack extension along the adhesive joint and into the substrate is quantified using a quantized crack propagation criterion, whereby the crack does not advance in infinitesimal continuous increments, but instead in finite steps of length comparable to the characteristic dimensions of the material microstructure. The model predicts results that are in good agreement with experimental evidence.     

Dependence of magnetic characteristics on sputtering-power and substrate-temperature in amorphous Tb40(FeCoV)60 films

The amorphous Tb₄₀(Fe₄₉Co₄₉V₂)₆₀ films were deposited at different sputtering powers and substrate temperatures. The microstructural and magnetic characteristics were investigated by means of field emission scan electron microscope, magnetic force microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer. Our results show that with increasing sputtering power, out-of-plane coercivity decreases monotonically while saturation magnetization has a maximum value of 231 kA/m for the sample prepared at 50 W. The as-deposited alloy films are amorphous, whereas the coercivity and saturation magnetization are strongly dependent on the substrate temperature. An out-of-plane hysteresis loop with coercivity below 22 mT and saturation magnetization over 290 kA/m is obtained combining dc power and substrate temperature. The dominant mechanism of room temperature coercivity appears to be domain wall pinning, rather than nucleation under all conditions measured. The variation of saturation magnetization is similar to that of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with either sputtering power or substrate temperature according to the difference of magnetic domain structure.     

生物膜电极在以苯酚为燃料的微生物燃料电池中的应用

以苯酚为燃料, 生物膜电极为负极, Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅/PbO₂电极为正极, 构建了双室微生物燃料电池. 利用微电流驯化法和自然驯化法分别制备了生物膜电极, 研究了微生物的挂膜方法、 挂膜时间和负极基底材料种类对微生物燃料电池产电能力的影响. 结果表明, 微电流驯化法优于自然驯化法, 微电流驯化法制备的生物膜电极更利于电池的产电; 微生物的挂膜时间为8 d时, 电池的产电能力最高, 其最大输出功率密度达到39 mW/m²; 不同基底材料生物膜电极所组建的微生物燃料电池产电能力高低顺序为碳毡>石墨>钛网>泡沫钛.     

Delamination of an elastic film from an elastic–plastic substrate during adhesive contact loading and unloading

Adhesive contact between a rigid sphere and an elastic film on an elastic–perfectly plastic substrate was examined in the context of finite element simulation results. Surface adhesion was modeled by nonlinear springs obeying a force-displacement relationship governed by the Lennard–Jones potential. A bilinear cohesive zone law with prescribed cohesive strength and work of adhesion was used to simulate crack initiation and growth at the film/substrate interface. It is shown that the unloading response consists of five sequential stages: elastic recovery, interface damage (crack) initiation, damage evolution (delamination), film elastic bending, and abrupt surface separation (jump-out), with plastic deformation in the substrate occurring only during damage initiation. Substrate plasticity produces partial closure of the cohesive zone upon full unloading (jump-out), residual tensile stresses at the front of the crack tip, and irreversible downward bending of the elastic film. Finite element simulations illustrate the effects of minimum surface separation (i.e., maximum compressive surface force), work of adhesion and cohesive strength of the film/substrate interface, substrate yield strength, and initial crack size on the evolution of the surface force, residual deflection of the elastic film, film-substrate separation (debonding), crack-tip opening displacement, and contact instabilities (jump-in and jump-out) during a full load–unload cycle. The results of this study provide insight into the interdependence of contact instabilities and interfacial damage (cracking) encountered in layered media during adhesive contact loading and unloading.     

Effects of substrate bias and nitrogen flow ratio on the surface morphology and binding state of reactively sputtered ZrNx films before and after annealing

ZrN_x films were sputtered in an Ar + N₂ atmosphere, with different substrate biases (0 to −200 V) at various nitrogen flow ratios (%N₂ = 0.5-24%). The surface morphology, resistivity, crystllinity, and bonding configuration of ZrN_x films, before and after vacuum annealing, were investigated. As compared with ZrN_x films grown without substrate bias, before and after annealing, the resistivity of 1% and 2% N₂ films decreases with increasing substrate biases. Simultaneously, if the applied bias is too high, the crystallinity of ZrN_x film will decrease. The surfaces of 1% and 2% N₂ flow films deposited without bias have small nodules, whereas the surface morphology of films deposited at −100 V of substrate bias exhibits large nodules and rugged surface. Once a −200 V of substrate bias is applied to the substrate, the surface morphology of ZrN_x films, grown at 1% and 2% nitrogen flow ratios, is smooth. Furthermore, there are two deconvoluted peaks in XPS spectra (i.e., Zr-O and Zr-N) of ZrN_x films deposited at −200 V of substrate bias before and after annealing. On the other hand, the surface morphology changes dramatically from rugged surfaces for film deposited at lower nitrogen flow ratio (%N₂ < 1%) to smoother and denser surfaces for film grown at higher nitrogen flow ratio (%N₂ ≥ 1%). The Zr-N bonding in 2% N₂ films still exist after annealing at 700 °C, while the Zr-N bonding in 0.5% and 16% N₂ flow film vanish at the same temperature. The connection between the resistivity, crystallinity, surface morphology, and bonding configuration of ZrN_x films and how they are influenced by the substrate bias and nitrogen flow ratio are discussed in this paper.     

Regioselective acylation of nucleosides and their analogs catalyzed by Pseudomonas cepacia lipase: enzyme substrate recognition

The substrate recognition of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase in the acylation of nucleosides was investigated by means of rational substrate engineering for the first time. P. cepacia lipase displayed excellent 3′-regioselectivities (96 to >99%) in the lauroylation of 2′-deoxynucleosides 1a-1e, while low to good 3′-regioselectivities (59-89%) in the lauroylation of ribonucleosides 1f-1j. It might be due to the unfavorable hydrogen bond interaction between 2′-hydroxyl group of 1f-1j and phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine residue present in the alternate hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme, which stabilizes the conformation of 5′-acylation transition state and thus increases the amount of the minor regioisomer. In addition, various ester derivatives of floxuridine were synthesized successfully by the lipase with high conversions (99%) and good to excellent 3′-regioselectivities under mild conditions. The recognition of various acyl donors by the enzyme was examined. The enzymatic recognition of acyl groups was rationalized in terms of the structure of the active site of the lipase, especially the size, shape, and physicochemical properties.