The Prime Spectrum of an MV-Algebra

In this paper we show that the prime ideal space of an MV-algebra is the disjoint union of prime ideal spaces of suitable local MV-algebras. Some special classes of algebras are defined and their spaces are investigated. The space of minimal prime ideals is studied as well. Mathematics Subject Classification : 03B50, 06D99.     

Co-rectangular bands and cosheaves in categories of algebras

Conditions on a categoryC are studied which imply that every structure of rectangular band on an objectS ofC arises from a unique product decompositionS=S ₁×S ₂, especially in the case whereC is the opposite of a category of algebras.Sheaves on Stone spaces with values in opposites of categories of algebras are examined.The analog of the bounded Boolean power constructionR[B]^* forR an object of a general category is described.This work was done while the author was partly supported by NSF contract DMS 85-02330.Presented by R. S. Pierce.     

Exploring the simultaneous existence of Stone-Wales and carbon ad-dimer defects in the zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes

We have applied density functional calculations to investigate simultaneous existence of Stone–Wales (SW) and carbon ad-dimer (CD) defects in the zigzag (n, 0) n=5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 SWCNTs, with an extensive search by considering two different orientations of defects. According to our results, the adsorption of a carbon dimer on a hexagonal ring of SWCNTs is easier than the rotation of a C–C bond trough the SW rearrangement. Moreover, the formation of a carbon dimer on the exterior sidewalls of an SW defective SWCNT or the rotation of a C–C bond of a CD defective SWCNT is more favorable than those on the perfect ones. Defect formation energy shows a strong dependence on the both SWCNT radius and defect orientation. The reactivity of SW–CD defective SWCNTs through chemisorption of hydrogen atoms on the central bonds of defect sites shows the thermodynamically lower preference of additions for the CD defective sites in comparison to SW defective sites. Histograms of the ¹³C NMR chemical shifts of SW–CD defective SWCNTs exhibit individual signals for defect sites, which can be attributed to azupyrene- and pentalelene-like structures for SW and CD defect sites, respectively.     

Representable idempotent commutative residuated lattices

It is proved that the variety of representable idempotent commutative residuated lattices is locally finite. The -generated subdirectly irreducible algebras in this variety are shown to have at most elements each. A constructive characterization of the subdirectly irreducible algebras is provided, with some applications. The main result implies that every finitely based extension of positive relevance logic containing the mingle and Gödel-Dummett axioms has a solvable deducibility problem.

     

Transition state and formation process of Stone—Wales defects in graphene

Stone—Wales (SW) defects are possibly formed in graphene and other two-dimensional materials, and have multiple influence on their physical and chemical properties. In this study, the transition state of SW defects in graphene is determined with the fully discrete Peierls theory. Furthermore, the atomic formation process is investigated by means of ab-initio simulations. The atomic structure change and energetics of the SW transformation are revealed. It is found that the transition state is at the SW bond rotation of 34.5° and the activation energy barrier is about 12 eV. This work provides a new method to investigate SW transformations in graphene-like materials and to explore unknown SW-type defects in other 2D materials.     

不同湿化状态下压实红黏土的压缩特征

为模拟路基土体在不同湿度状态下的压缩特征,以湖南长沙－韶山－娄底高速公路的红黏土路基填料为研究对象,开展吸水自由膨胀、吸水限制膨胀和不浸水等三种湿化状态下的压缩实验研究。本文根据实际应力与固结屈服应力的关系提出确定土体压缩系数的改进方法,并与目前规范中推荐的压缩系数(a_1-2)进行了比较,验证了改进方法更加合理。然后,对比分析不同湿化状态下的压缩指标。结果表明：吸湿后的土体压缩性均大于不浸水土的压缩性;但浸水吸湿限制膨胀和浸水吸湿自由膨胀后再压缩,前者的压缩性要大于后者的压缩性。最后,从孔隙结构的细观角度探讨了固结应力对土体孔隙结构的作用模式,发现固结作用主要影响孔径d>10μm范围内的孔隙分布。     

基于CLAHE和开闭运算的绿色苹果图像分割

依据绿色苹果图像的自身特点,设计了一种分区域提取而后合并的图像分割方法。首先对图像进行限制对比度自适应直方图均衡化(contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization,CLAHE),增大果实和背景的颜色差,而后获取R-B色差图像,得到以光常区域为主的区域;然后用CLAHE处理后的图像进行开闭运算,提取局部极大值,得到以高亮区域为主的区域;最后将两区域合并获得完整的果实目标区域。为了验证该方法的有效性,运用Hough算法检测圆,并用相对偏差、圆心相对误差及半径相对误差三个评价指标来定量评价。试验结果表明,提取区域与果实目标区域相比,顺光下,相对偏差、圆心和半径相对误差平均值分别为3.59%,4.76%和2.60%;逆光下,三个指标的平均值分别为10.77%、16.77%、11.49%。无论是顺光还是逆光都有很好的识别效果,能满足机器人采摘果实的精确定位的要求。     

BIOT’S CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS FOR CYLINDRICAL SOIL-SAMPLE BASED ON HANSBO’S FLOW1)

诸多黏性土渗流试验表明,在低水力梯度下渗流会出现明显偏离Darcy定律的现象. 为了分析渗流的非Darcy特性对固结过程 的影响,引入Hansbo渗流方程描述圆柱土样内的渗流,重新推导轴对称条件下的Biot固结方程,并给出方程的Crank--Nicolson有限 差分格式. 通过与Darcy渗流条件下轴对称Biot固结方程解析解的对比,验证计算方法的有效性. 然后分析Hansbo模型参数对圆柱 土样固结过程的影响. 计算结果表明：与Darcy渗流相比,Hansbo渗流会延缓圆柱土样的固结过程. 随着Hansbo渗流参数m或I¹的增大,在固结前期,Mandel--Cryer效应会更加显著,即孔隙水压力峰值将提高,且达到该峰值的时间 会延迟;在固结中后期,孔压消散滞后的现象也更加明显. 不过,Hansbo渗流对位移的影响很小.     

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THERMAL CONSOLIDATION OF SATURATED SOILS WITH TWO PARALLEL CYLINDRICAL HEAT SOURCES1）

基于应力平衡条件、渗流连续方程、能量守恒方程,考虑土颗粒和孔隙水热膨胀系数的不同,建立考虑热水力耦合的饱和土体三维热固结控制方程。利用傅里叶变换和拉普拉斯变换导出变换域上的控制方程,解得点热源在变换域和实数域上的解析解,再利用区域积分给出两平行圆柱形热源热固结土体温度、孔压、位移的解析解,并对其进行分析,发现径距比增大会导致两热源温度相互影响程度减弱,热固结系数减小会导致孔压和位移的峰值增大。     

寿山水坑石的透明度影响因素

采用红外光谱(IR)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和差热分析(DTA)等测试,分别从地开石的有序度。矿物微形貌特征以及地开石中水的存在形式对水坑石透明度的影响因素进行了深入研究。红外光谱和XRD测试结果显示样品主要矿物组成为地开石。红外光谱中高频区3 704和3 621 cm-1两吸收峰的分裂程度和XRD图谱中2θ为19°~24°之间的衍射峰的分裂程度可表示地开石有序度,分别计算样品红外光谱中3 704和3 621 cm-1两吸收峰的强度比值(OI)及XRD图谱中(111)晶面衍射峰和(111)晶面衍射峰的分裂程度指数(DHI);计算结果表明这两个表征有序度的参数与透明度并无密切关系。扫描电镜测试结果显示地开石矿物晶体颗粒整体发育越均匀,晶体颗粒形态越相近、粒径大小越均一时,样品透明度越高,但晶体颗粒自身的结晶度、自形程度和粒径的绝对大小与透明度并无关系。差热分析测试结果表明水坑石的透明度与地开石晶体结构中结构水和吸附水的含量有关,结构水含量越接近理论值,样品晶体结构越完整,透明度越高;结构水的含量降低时,部分羟基缺失导致晶体结构完整性下降,结构单元层内部的电荷平衡被破坏,层间域中吸附更多水分子,吸附水在层间域中作为杂质分子存在,使样品的透明度下降。