Efficient Low-temperature Hydrogen Production by Electrochemical-assisted Methanol Steam Reforming

Methanol steam reforming (MSR) provides an alternative way for efficient production and safe transportation of hydrogen but requires harsh conditions and complicated purification processes. In this work, an efficient electrochemical-assisted MSR reaction for pure H₂ production at lower temperature (~140 °C) is developed by coupling the electrocatalysis reaction into the MSR in a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis reactor. By electrochemically assisted, the two critical steps including the methanol dehydrogenation and water-gas shift reaction are accelerated, which is attributed to decreasing the methanol dehydrogenation energy and promoting the dissociation of H₂O to OH* by the applied potential. Furthermore, the reduced H₂ partial pressure by the hydrogen oxidation and reduction process further promotes MSR. The combination of these advantages not only efficiently decreases the MSR temperature but also achieves the high rate of hydrogen production of 505 mmol H₂ g _Pt⁻¹ h⁻¹ with exceptionally high H₂ selectivity (99 %) at 180 °C and a low voltage (0.4 V), and the productivity is about 30-fold than that of traditional MSR. This study opens up a new avenue to design novel electrolysis cells for hydrogen production.     

Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded douglas fir wood by alkali-oxygen post-treatment

Good enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-exploded Douglas fir wood (SEDW) cannot be achieved owing to the very high lignin content (>40%) that remains associated with this substrate. Thus, in this study, we investigated the use of alkali-oxygen treatment as a posttreatment to delignify SEDW and also considered the enzymatic hydrolyzability of the delignified SEDW. The results showed that under optimized conditions of 15% NaOH, 5% consistency, 110°C, and 3h, approx84% of the lignin in SEDW could be removed. The resulting delignified SEDW had good hydrolyzability, and cellulose-to-glucose conversion yields of over 90 and 100% could be achieved within 48 h with 20 and 40 filter paper units/g of cellulose enzyme loadings, respectively. It was also indicated that severe conditions, such as high NaOH concentration and high temperature, should not be utilized in oxygen delignification of SEDW in order to avoid extensive condensation of lignin and significant degradation of cellulose.     

石墨烯涂层在甲苯低温催化燃烧用堇青石负载Pd整体式催化剂中的作用（英文）

对于传统整体催化剂而言,堇青石等基体比表面积低,往往需先涂覆活性氧化铝等高比表面涂层,此外低温催化燃烧反应生成的水和周围空气中的水分会大量吸附于亲水性氧化物涂层表面,导致贵金属催化活性降低,同时,贵金属的分散度也是影响催化剂活性的主要因素.我们利用石墨烯高疏水性、二维平面结构、对苯环强吸附及对贵金属颗粒的高分散与锚定作用等独特性能,发展基于石墨烯涂层的高活性纳米Pd整体催化剂,以改善上述问题.所制备的Pd/石墨烯/堇青石(Pd/Gr/Cor)复合材料作为整体催化剂用于甲苯低温燃烧反应,通过考察催化性能和吸附行为,重点研究了石墨烯涂层的作用.催化性能结果表明,与无石墨烯涂层的传统Pd/Cor催化剂相比,Pd/Gr/Cor催化剂对甲苯的起燃温度从175℃降至132℃,且在水蒸气存在的情况下表现出更好的稳定性.TEM和吸水速率表征表明,石墨烯涂层可显著提高Pd纳米粒子的分散性,提高堇青石载体的疏水性.动力学研究表明,Pd/Gr/Cor催化剂上甲苯催化燃烧符合一级反应动力学规律,活化能为60.93 k J/mol.此外,研究了其吸附行为,包括吸附等温线,吸附动力学和吸附热力学.模拟结果表明,Pd/Gr/Cor催化剂对甲苯具有优异的吸附性能,对甲苯的吸附符合Freundlich模型,为化学吸附.FLm双点位吸附模型表明,石墨烯表面吸附了大量的甲苯,而Pd粒子表面吸附的甲苯相对较少,但亲和力较强.吸附热力学计算表明,石墨烯对甲苯的吸附是一个自发的放热反应,是一个熵减小的过程,表明甲苯分子可在石墨烯上高度有序组装.石墨烯与Pd之间的显著浓度差和亲和力的差距确保了反应过程中甲苯在石墨烯上的快速转移.吸附动力学研究表明,催化剂对甲苯的吸附为快速过程,催化反应为控速步骤.综上,石墨烯涂层不仅可以提高Pd纳米粒子的分散性,提高催化剂的疏水性,在催化反应过程中,还可利用其强吸附能力提高催化剂表面的甲苯浓度,而显著的浓度差和亲和力的差距可作为驱动力为Pd粒子提供甲苯,从而发挥吸附-催化协同作用优势,进一步提高催化性能.     

Al2O3担载Ni-Cr/MgAl2O4催化剂催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究

利用浸渍法制备了担载于γ-Al2O3上的Ni-Cr/MgAl2O4尖晶石催化剂,考察了催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整的性能,结合X射线衍射(XRD)的表征结果,研究了催化剂的构效关系.实验结果表明,Ni、Cr担载量为15%和5%的催化剂对乙醇中低温水蒸气重整反应(SRE)表现出较高的催化活性和选择性,400℃时乙醇转化率可达到98.9%,氢气选择性为51.4%;450℃时,转化率可达到100%,氢气选择性为73.8%.     

Optimization of steam pretreatment of SO2-impregnated corn stover for fuel ethanol production

In this study, corn stover with a dry matter content of 20% was impregnated with SO₂ and then steam pretreated for various times at various temperatures. The pretreatment was evaluated by enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid material and analysis of the sugar content in the liquid. The maximum overall yield of glucose, 89% of the theoretical based on the glucan in the raw material, was achieved when the corn stover was pretreated at 200°C for 10 min. The maximum overall yield of xylose, 78%, was obtained with pretreatment at 190°C for 5 min.     

Steam distillation with resin extraction for isolation and concentration of organic compounds from aqueous samples

Steam distillation is combined with solid-phase resin extraction using a simple apparatus and interface. A concentration factor of at least 100 is obtained. The method is effective for the isolation and concentration of organic compounds from complex aqueous samples ar μg l^?1 levels. Factors affecting the recovery of model compounds are studied; it is shown that the recovery of many compounds is improved markedly by disconnecting the condenser. Under proper conditions, compounds with boiling points in excess of 400°C are recovered quantitatively in only 24 mill.     

Superheated water extraction, steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction of essential oils of Origanum onites

Superheated water extraction (SWE) at various temperatures (100, 125, 150 and 175°C), steam distillation, and Soxhlet extraction were compared in the extraction of essential oils from two samples of the plant Origanum onites, one cultivated, the other wild. C18 solid-phase extraction was used to elute the essential oils from the SWE aqueous extract. The compositions of the extracted essential oils obtained from all three methods were then characterized by comprehensive GC×GC/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS). The highest essential oil yields were obtained by using SWE at 150°C with a flow rate of 2 mL min^–1 and a pressure of 60 bar for 30 min: these were 3.76 and 4.11% for wild and cultivated O. onites samples, respectively, expressed as a percentage of 100 g of dry (leaf) matter. The yields obtained using SWE at 150°C were slightly higher than those from conventional methods. Steam distillation was performed for 3 h, and Soxhlet extraction was completed in 12 h. The major compounds found were borneol, terpinen-4-ol and carvacrol.     

表面活性剂疏水链长对高温下泡沫稳定性的影响

选用不同疏水链长的α-烯烃磺酸盐(AOS)形成泡沫, 分别用泡沫衰减法和泡沫岩芯封堵法测定不同温度下的泡沫稳定性, 并采用动态表面张力、界面流变、分子模拟等方法研究了表面活性剂在气/液界面的吸附行为和界面吸附层的性质, 分析了高温下泡沫的稳定机制. 实验结果表明, 在高温下, 极性头的“锚定作用”减弱, 表面活性剂疏水链难以在气液界面保持以直立状态吸附, 疏水链碳数大于20的表面活性剂分子难以分立吸附, 其疏水链相互交叉缠绕, 增强了泡沫膜的强度, 减缓了气体通过液膜的扩散, 形成的泡沫在高温下具有较好的稳定性.     

A continuous preconcentration/extraction method for organic trace analysis by capillary gas chromatography

Summary A slightly modified steam distillation-extraction device is described for the continuous extraction and preconcentration of organic traces in aqueous samples, prior to capillary G.C.-analysis. The quantitative performance, both theoretically and practically, is studied using phenols as the test substances. The final recovery is determined by the flow-ratio of the water and the extracting solvent and by the extraction coefficient. The process is found to be highly reproducible even at low concentration levels (ppb’s). Using 30 ml. samples with a concentration of 30 ppb (1:10^9), 100 % recoveries are obtained for the phenolic substances studied, with a relative standard deviation of about 3 %, both for methylene chloride and ethylacetate as the extracting solvents. Using methylene chloride as the extracting solvent, for phenol a maximum recovery of 80 % was obtained. Presented at the 15th International Symposium on Chromatography, Nürnberg, October 1984     

Steam plume length diagram for direct contact condensation of steam injected into water

Direct Contact Condensation (DCC) of steam in water occurs when steam is introduced into water. It is a phenomenon of high importance in many industrial applications. An important feature of the DCC is the length of the steam plume. Correlations for a steam plume length presently available are accurate only for limited conditions. In this paper, a new two-dimensional steam plume length diagram is presented capable of predicting length accurately for a wide range of conditions. The diagram is validated against experiments. Furthermore, corrections necessary to adopt the diagram for steam injection into a water flow are discussed in the paper.