Fluorogenic Behaviour of the Hetero‐Diels–Alder Ligation of 5‐Alkoxyoxazoles with Maleimides and their Applications

Fluorogenic reactions are largely underrepresented in the toolbox of chemoselective ligations despite their tremendous potential, particularly in chemical biology and biochemistry. In this respect, we have investigated in full detail the fluorescence behaviour of the azaphthalamide, a scaffold which is generated through a hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction of 5‐alkoxyoxazole and maleimide derivatives under mild conditions that are compatible with, among others, peptide chemistry. The scope and limitations of such a fluorogenic labelling strategy were examined through four distinct applications, which target enzymatic activities or bioorthogonal reactions.     

Synthesis of air-stable zwitterionic 2-phosphiniminium-arenesulfonates

Efficient synthetic methodology for preparation of 2-phosphiniminium-5-methylbenzenesulfonate zwitterions is reported. Staudinger reaction between phosphines and n-propyl 2-azido-5-methylbenzenesulfonates followed by sulfonate ester deprotection using pyridinium tetrafluoroborate/pyridine afforded the zwitterions in excellent yields. This new route directly accesses ortho-substituted-arenesulfonate ligands that incorporate a phosphinimine, a strong σ-donor.     

Convenient Access to Fluorescent Probes by Chemoselective Acylation of Hydrazinopeptides: Application to the Synthesis of the First Far‐Red Ligand for Apelin Receptor Imaging

Herein, we develop a convenient method to facilitate the solution‐phase fluorescent labelling of peptides based on the chemoselective acylation of α‐hydrazinopeptides. This approach combines the advantages of using commercially available amine‐reactive dyes and very mild conditions, which are fully compatible with the chemical sensitivity of the dyes. The usefulness of this approach was demonstrated by the labelling of apelin‐13 peptide. Various fluorescent probes were readily synthesized, enabling the rapid optimization of their affinities for the apelin receptor. Thus, the first far‐red fluorescent ligand with sub‐nanomolar affinity for the apelin receptor was characterized and shown to track the receptor efficiently in living cells by fluorescence confocal microscopy.     

Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Additions. VI. Reaction of N-Diphenylmethyleneaminoacetonitrile with Aromatic Aldehydes

The phase-transfer catalyzed reaction of N-diphenylmethyleneaminoacetonitrile with aromatic aldehydes affords 4-aryl-3-cyano-1,1-diphenyl-2-aza-1,3-butadienes (3) in good yields.     

Janus carbosilane/phosphorhydrazone dendrimers synthesized by the ‘click’ Staudinger reaction

The first association of carbosilane dendrons (having a phosphine at the focal point) with phosphorhydrazone dendrons (having a thiophosphoryl azide at the focal point) has been successfully carried out by ‘Staudinger click’ reaction. The corresponding Janus dendrimers possess the characteristics of both components; they are oily as the carbosilane dendrons, and they can be easily functionalized as the phosphorhydrazone dendrons.     

A Facile Synthesis of N γ-Glycosyl Asparagine Conjugates and Short N-Linked Glycopeptides

Both free and protected glycosyl azides were efficiently coupled to the side chain of aspartate by the Staudinger reaction for the synthesis of N ^γ-glycosyl asparagine conjugates and short N-linked glycopeptides that can be employed to construct complex N-linked glycopeptides. In the process, a facile two-step protocol was developed for free glycosyl azide synthesis, which includes reported direct transformation of free oligosaccharides into glycosyl amines through reaction with ammonium bicarbonate and then stereospecific diazo transfer reaction to convert glycosyl amines to glycosyl azides.     

New class of diethyl substituted phosphoramidimidates and phosphonimidates: synthesis,spectral characterization and antimicrobial activity

Abstract

A series of new class of diethyl N-2-hydroxyethyl-N'-substituted phosphoramidimidates 6(a–e) and diethyl P-morpholino-N-substituted phosphonimidates 6(f–j) was synthesized. The precursor intermediates, diethyl substituted phosphoramidites 3(a–b) were prepared initially by a reaction of various amines 1(a–b) and diethyl phosphorochloridite (2) and then they were treated by in situ with aromatic/alkyl azides through Staudinger reaction to accomplish title products. Structures of all the synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic data such as IR, NMR (¹H, 13C, ³¹P), mass, and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity to understand their biological potency. The biological screening results disclosed that compounds 6b, 6c, 6e, 6g, 6h and 6j having potent antimicrobial activity against all the tested pathogens.     

Universal fluorescent tri-probe ligation equipped with capillary electrophoresis for targeting SMN1 and SMN2 genes in diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy

This is the first ligase chain reaction used for diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Universal fluorescent tri-probe ligation (UFTPL), a novel strategy used for distinguishing the multi-nucleotide alternations at single base, is developed to quantitatively analyze the SMN1/SMN2 genes in diagnosis of SMA. Ligase chain reaction was performed by adding three probes including universal fluorescent probe, connecting probe and recognizing probe to differentiate single nucleotide polymorphisms in UFTPL. Our approach was based on the two UFTPL products of survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) and SMN2 genes (the difference of 9 mer) and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE). We successfully determined various gene dosages of SMN1 and SMN2 genes in homologous or heterologous subjects. By using the UFTPL-CE method, the SMN1 and SMN2 genes were fully resolved with the resolution of 2.16 ± 0.37 (n = 3). The r values of SMN1 and SMN2 regression curves over a range of 1–4 copies were above 0.9944. Of the 48 DNA samples, the data of gene dosages were corresponding to that analyzed by conformation sensitive CE and denatured high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). This technique was found to be a good methodology for quantification or determination of the relative genes having multi-nucleotide variants at single base.     

Heteroatom effect on potential energy topology. A novel reaction mechanism of stereospecific Staudinger synthesis

The Staudinger synthesis of various β-carbolines and thienopyridines with acetyl chloride derivatives led to novel β-lactam-type fused heterocyclic compounds. The reaction was stereospecific, giving exclusively the cis cycloadducts as racemates. The enthalpy profile and the driving force for the cis-selectivity of this cycloaddition was studied by high level quantum chemical calculations and was assigned to a new effect of the neighbouring heteroatom of the acyl group. In the course of the reaction a new side product was formed supporting the mechanistic results.