含淀粉生物降解型塑料

本文综述了各种含淀粉塑料的基本组成，性能及应用前景。     

An analog experiment of magma fragmentation: behavior of rapidly decompressed starch sirup

Paper reports a result of analog experiments regarding the simulation of magma fragmentation. We filled a starch sirup foam, as an analog material, in a 117–240 mm long and a 50 mm diameter high pressure chamber and exposed it to a rapid decompression. The foam was prepared by mixing starch sirups of dynamic viscosities ranging from 5 to 10¹² Pa· s at temperatures ranging from 293 to 343 K with nitrogen at 2.5 MPa gauge pressure. In ejecting high-pressure foams into a low-pressure chamber, diagnostics of foam’s fragmentation process were pressure measurment and high-speed video recording. Prior to decompression experiments, we examined visco-elastic properties of foam specimens by using a rheometer. The foam deformation under decompression was found to be axial–symmetrical, and strongly coupled with bubble growth and coalescence. These effects contributed even more efficiently to fragmentation processes than previous laboratory experiments using other analog materials. Fragment shapes varied widely depending on the temperature and water concentration of starch sirup foams, which proved that fragmentation process was governed by not only ductile deformation but also brittle failure, and determined by the degree of visco-elasticities of starch sirup foams.      

2-(p-toluidino)-6-naphthalene sulfonate as a fluorescent probe for flocculation studies of cationic potato amylopectin and nanosized silica particles 1. 2-p-(toluidino)-6-naphthalene sulfonate binding to cationic amylopectin

2-(p-toluidino)-6-naphthalene sulfonate (TNS) is a probe that fluoresces strongly when bound to certain proteins and polymers, but weakly in aqueous solution. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to study the interaction of TNS with native amylopectin potato starch (NApS) and cationized amylopectin potato starch (CApS) in aqueous solution. The anionic TNS binds to CApS at a single type of binding site, with an affinity which has both electrostatic and nonelectrostatic contributions (including hydrogen bonding), whereas binding to NApS occurs at the same type of site but only by nonelectrostatic means. The affinity to CApS decreases strongly with increasing salt concentration, due to screening of the electrostatic attraction, whereas with NApS increasing salt concentration slightly enhances the binding affinity, most likely due to screening of a weak repulsive interaction between TNS and phosphate residues on NApS. The association constant for binding of TNS to CApS in 5 mM NaCl is 110 ± 20 M⁻¹. This comparatively weak binding makes TNS a useful probe in kinetic investigations of the flocculation of anionic silica particles by CApS. Received: 14 August 1998 Accepted in revised form: 4 December 1998     

TEMPO-derivatives as catalysts in the oxidation of primary alcohol groups in carbohydrates

Primary hydroxyl groups in aqueous starch, pullulan and methyl α- -glucopyranoside were oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid functionalities by TEMPO-(4-X)-derivatives using sodium hypochlorite as the primary oxidant. All the combinations of substrates and nitroxyl radicals resulted in stoichiometric conversions, and the selectivity for oxidation of primary hydroxyls was high. Some depolymerisation occurred throughout the oxidation, especially when 4-acetoxy and 4-mesyl-TEMPO were used. The pH window of the activity of the inexpensive 4-acetamido-TEMPO was found to be substantially lower from that of the other tested TEMPO-derivatives; thus allowing milder reaction conditions. At pH 8, the rate of oxidation was ca. two times higher when 4-acetamido-TEMPO was used compared to the other catalysts.     

Hydrolysis of starch or pullulan by glucoamylase or pullulanase immobilized on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel

Starch or pullulan was hydrolyzed using glucoamylase or pullulanase immobilized on N-isopropylacrylamide gel. The gel used is temperature sensitive; its mesh size becomes smaller at higher temperatures (30 °C) and larger at lower temperatures (20 °C). The molecular weight distribution of starch is wide and it consists of high-molecular-weight amylopectin, amylose and glucose. From the change in the chromatograms for the substrate and products, it was found that the hydrolysis rate at 30 °C was faster than that at 20 °C for amylose, though it was the reverse for amylopectin. This finding suggests that the smaller molecular sized amylose can enter the gel phase at both temperature, while the larger molecular sized amylopectin can hardly do so; only the end group, which can partly enter the gel phase at 20 °C (larger mesh size), was hydrolyzed. Further, several molecular weight pullulans (monodisperse) were hydrolyzed and the experimental chromatograms for substrate and products confirm the hydrolysis mechanism estimated. Received: 14 July 1998 Accepted in revised form: 26 August 1998     

马铃薯多品质参数可见/近红外光谱无损快速检测

马铃薯是与小麦、稻米、玉米协调发展的第四大主粮作物,现阶段我国正积极推进马铃薯主食开发,但马铃薯品质的参差不齐严重制约了马铃薯产业主食化进程,马铃薯品质快速无损检测对其加工产业化进程有着重要意义。国内外学者基于可见/近红外光谱对马铃薯内部品质检测进行了不少相关研究,但迄今为止大部分研究都基于可见/近红外漫反射原理,马铃薯粗糙的表皮对样品漫反射光谱影响较大。近红外透射光谱能较好的反映样品的品质信息,但马铃薯样品全透射光谱因样品大小不同,导致光谱受光程差异的影响较大。考虑到马铃薯样品整体质地较为均匀,根据马铃薯的形状特性搭建了马铃薯局部透射光谱采集系统,局部透射检测方式既能避免马铃薯表皮的影响,又能在保证光程统一的情况下获得样品内部的信息。该光谱采集系统由光谱采集单元(光谱仪、耦合透镜)与光源单元(卤素灯、灯杯)构成。进行光谱采集时,将二者贴紧马铃薯表面以确保光谱采集单元不会接收到来自马铃薯表面的反射光。用该系统采集了120个马铃薯650~1 100 nm范围的局部透射光谱,分别进行去趋势(detrend)、多元散射校正(muliplication scattering correction, MSC)、标准正态变量变换(standard normal variable transformation, SNV)和一阶导数(first Derivative, FD)预处理,并建立了马铃薯干物质、淀粉、还原糖含量的偏最小二乘预测模型(partial least squares regression,PLSR)。结果显示,采用多元散射校正预处理的干物质和淀粉含量预测模型效果较好,其验证集决定系数分别为0.854 0和0.851 0,验证集均方根误差分别为0.521 9%和0.484 8%;采用一阶导数预处理的还原糖预测模型效果最好,其验证集决定系数为0.768 6,均方根误差为0.025 1%。为进一步优化模型采用竞争性自适应重加权采样(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)等三种方法进行特征波长的筛选,并建立了偏最小二乘预测模型。结果显示,马铃薯各品质参数的预测效果均得到了较大提升,CARS筛选波长后的干物质、淀粉、还原糖预测模型的验证集决定系数分别为0.877 6, 0.865 3和0.887 7,验证集均方根误差分别为0.449 2%, 0.930 2%和0.016 7%。采用CARS特征波长提取能够简化模型,去除无关变量和共线性变量,从而提高模型的精度和稳定性,尤其是对低含量组分还原糖的预测模型效果显著。最后,为验证马铃薯各品质参数预测模型的精度及稳定性,选取30个不同批次马铃薯样品对所建预测模型进行了外部验证。马铃薯干物质、淀粉、还原糖含量的模型预测值与标准理化值决定系数分别为0.849 9, 0.867 1, 0.877 6,均方根误差分别为0.660 9, 0.480 9, 0.016 9,平均相对误差分别为2.03%, 1.77%, 7.58%。研究表明,局部透射光谱携带了马铃薯的内部信息,与干物质、淀粉、还原糖含量有显著相关性。该可见/近红外局部透射检测系统可以实现马铃薯多品质参数的快速无损预测,特别是干物质含量及淀粉含量的预测效果较好,但是对个别还原糖含量非常低的样品出现预测相对误差较大现象,下一步研究中需要进一步优化完善。     

含活性侧基马来酰亚胺/苯乙烯共聚物的合成与性能研究

合成了含活性侧基的苯乙烯/N-对羟苯基马来酰亚胺共聚物(SHMI),使某些具有特定功能的有机小分子接枝到聚合物主链上.用FTIR,NMR及GPC研究了其化学结构,并用DSC和TGA研究了其热转变和热降解性能.结果表明,SHMI是交替共聚物,其玻璃化转变温度(Tg)高达526K,于661K开始降解,降解动力学遵循Arrhenius方程,有良好的溶解成膜性能.     

Solution Properties of Mixed Starch/Chitosan Revealed by Resonance Light Scattering

The association behavior of starch and chitosan and the dilute solution properties of the starch/chitosan complex were investigated by means of resonance light scattering(RLS) spectra. The interaction between starch and chiotsan was proved by RLS. Based on the results, the appropriate association condition was selected. However, the solution property of starch/chitosan was affected greatly by external factors such as pH value and metal ionic strength. The change of pH, which causes the irreversible transition of solution from transparent into murky, provides some important information of partitioning behavior of the complex in solution. The durative enhancement of RLS intensity for the complex exhibited two inflexions and a plateau in the presence of a certain amount of Fe³⁺. It indicates that Fe³⁺ not only increases the RLS intensity, but also induces the micell-aggregate transition of the complex in solution. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters for micell formation process at different temperatures, based on the RLS values, were calculated.     

六水合硝酸镁增塑改性淀粉-聚乙烯醇复合膜的合成与性能

以六水合硝酸镁[Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O]为增塑剂, 采用流延法制备了增塑改性的淀粉-聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合膜, 并研究了改性后淀粉-PVA复合膜的性能. 研究结果表明, Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O与淀粉和PVA发生一定的相互作用, 破坏了淀粉和PVA中的结晶结构. 因此, Mg(NO₃)₂·6H₂O的加入可提高淀粉与PVA间的相容性, 改变了淀粉-PVA复合膜的力学性能, 使其拉伸强度下降, 断裂伸长率提高.