Microstructure, microhardness, composition, and corrosive properties of stainless steel 304 I. Laser surface alloying with silicon by beam-oscillating method.

Laser surface alloying (LSA) with silicon was conducted on austenitic stainless steel 304. Silicon slurry composed of silicon particle of 5 μm in average diameter was made and a uniform layer was supplied on the substrate stainless steel. The surface was melted with beam-oscillated carbon dioxide laser and then LSA layers of 0.4–1.2 mm in thickness were obtained. When an impinged energy density was adjusted to be equal to or lower than 100 W mm⁻², LSA layers retained rapidly solidified microstructure with dispersed cracks. In these samples, Fe₃Si was detected and the concentration of Si in LSA layer was estimated to be 10.5 wt.% maximum. When the energy density was equal to or greater than 147 W mm⁻², cellular grained structure with no crack was formed. No iron silicate was observed and alpha iron content in LSA layers increased. Si concentration within LSA layers was estimated to be 5 to 9 wt.% on average. Crack-free as-deposited samples exhibited no distinct corrosion resistance. The segregation of Si was confirmed along the grain boundaries and inside the grains. The microstructure of these samples changed with solution-annealing and the corrosion resistance was fairly improved with the time period of solution-annealing. Received: 2 September 1999 / Accepted: 6 September 1999 / Published online: 1 March 2000     

Emerging drugs: mechanism of action,mass spectrometry and doping control analysis

The number of compounds and doping methods in sports is in a state of constant flux. In addition to ‘traditional’ doping agents, such as anabolic androgenic steroids or erythropoietin, new therapeutics and emerging drugs have considerable potential for misuse in elite sport. Such compounds are commonly based on new chemical structures, and the mechanisms underlying their modes of action represent new therapeutic approaches arising from recent advances in medical research; therefore, sports drug testing procedures need to be continuously modified and complementary methods developed, preferably based on mass spectrometry, to enable comprehensive doping controls. This tutorial not only discusses emerging drugs that can be categorized as anabolic agents (selective androgen receptor modulators, SARMs), gene doping [hypoxia‐inducible factor stabilizers, peroxisome‐proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)δ‐agonists] and erythropoietin‐mimetics (Hematide) but also compounds with potentially performance‐enhancing properties that are not classified in the current list of the World Anti‐Doping Agency. Compounds such as ryanodine‐calstabin‐complex modulators (benzothiazepines) are included, their mass spectrometric properties discussed, and current approaches in sports drug testing outlined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for classifying orbits near asteroids

A method for classifying orbits near asteroids under a polyhedral gravitational field is presented, and may serve as a valuable reference for spacecraft orbit design for asteroid exploration. The orbital dynamics near aster- oids are very complex. According to the variation in orbit characteristics after being affected by gravitational perturbation during the periapsis passage, orbits near an as- teroid can be classified into 9 categories： （1） surrounding- to-surrounding, （2） surrounding-to-surface, （3） surrounding- to-infinity, （4） infinity-to-infinity, （5） infinity-to-surface, （6） infinity-to-surrounding, （7） surface-to-surface, （8） surface- to-surrounding, and （9） surface-to- infinity. Assume that the orbital elements are constant near the periapsis, the gravitation potential is expanded into a harmonic series. Then, the influence of the gravitational perturbation on the orbit is studied analytically. The styles of orbits are dependent on the argument of periapsis, the periapsis radius, and the periapsis velocity. Given the argument of periapsis, the orbital energy before and after perturbation can be derived according to the periapsis radius and the periapsis velocity. Simulations have been performed for orbits in the gravitational field of 216 Kleopatra. The numerical results are well consistent with analytic predictions.     

Surface Modification Strategy for Enhanced NO2 Capture in Metal–Organic Frameworks

The interaction strength of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) with a set of 43 functionalized benzene molecules was investigated by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The functional groups under study were strategically selected as potential modifications of the organic linker of existing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in order to enhance their uptake of NO₂ molecules. Among the functional groups considered, the highest interaction energy with NO₂ (5.4 kcal/mol) was found for phenyl hydrogen sulfate (-OSO₃H) at the RI-DSD-BLYP/def2-TZVPP level of theory—an interaction almost three times larger than the corresponding binding energy for non-functionalized benzene (2.0 kcal/mol). The groups with the strongest NO₂ interactions (-OSO₃H, -PO₃H₂, -OPO₃H₂) were selected for functionalizing the linker of IRMOF-8 and investigating the trend in their NO₂ uptake capacities with grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations at ambient temperature for a wide pressure range. The predicted isotherms show a profound enhancement of the NO₂ uptake with the introduction of the strongly-binding functional groups in the framework, rendering them promising modification candidates for improving the NO₂ uptake performance not only in MOFs but also in various other porous materials.     

Free vibration characteristics of a functionally graded beam by finite element method

This paper presents the dynamic characteristics of functionally graded beam with material graduation in axially or transversally through the thickness based on the power law. The present model is more effective for replacing the non-uniform geometrical beam with axially or transversally uniform geometrical graded beam. The system of equations of motion is derived by using the principle of virtual work under the assumptions of the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The finite element method is employed to discretize the model and obtain a numerical approximation of the motion equation. The model has been verified with the previously published works and found a good agreement with them. Numerical results are presented in both tabular and graphical forms to figure out the effects of different material distribution, slenderness ratios, and boundary conditions on the dynamic characteristics of the beam. The above mention effects play very important role on the dynamic behavior of the beam.     

Experimental study on radiation effects in floating gate read-only-memories and static random access memories

Radiation effects of the floating gate read-only-memory (FG ROM) and the static random access memory (SRAM) have been evaluated using the 14~MeV neutron and 31.9MeV proton beams and Co-60 $\gamma $-rays. The neutron fluence, when the first error occurs in the FG ROMs, is at least 5 orders of magnitude higher than that in the SRAMs, and the proton fluence, 4 orders of magnitude higher. The total dose threshold for Co-60 $\gamma $-ray irradiation is about 10$^{4}$~rad (Si) for both memories. The difference and similarity are attributed to the structure of the memory cells and the mechanism of radiation effects. It is concluded that the FG ROMs are more reliable as semiconductor memories for storing data than the SRAMs, when they are used in the satellites or space crafts exposed to high energy particle radiation.     

功能梯度压电圆板轴对称自由振动问题精确解

将功能梯度压电圆板的位移变量和电势变量写为分离变量的形式，由压电动力学平衡方程导出以位移、电势及其一阶导数为状态变量的状态方程，考虑周边固支接地的边界条件，导出了求解功能梯度压电圆板自振频率精确解的方程。将方程退化至一般的非梯度纯弹性圆板的形式，求解其自振频率，得到的结果与相应的理论解完全吻合，从而验证了本文方法的正确性。更进一步地对梯度函数沿板厚以指数形式变化的功能梯度压电圆板的自振频率进行了计算，并得到了梯度化对板自振频率的影响规律。     

The Beam Propagation Factor of Nonparaxial Truncated Flattened Gaussian Beams

By using the second-order moment of the power density, the beam width, far-field divergence angle and M² factor of nonparaxial truncated flattened Gaussian (FG) beams are derived analytically. It is shown that the M² factor of nonparaxial truncated FG beams depends not only on the truncation parameter δ and beam order N, but also on the initial waist-width to wavelength ratio w₀/λ. The far-field divergence angle approaches an asymptotic value of θ_max=63.435° when the truncation parameter δ → 0. For the special cases of N = 0 and δ → ∞ our results reduce to those of nonparaxial truncated Gaussian beams and nonparaxial untruncated FG beams, respectively.     

Stachartins A – E,Phenylspirodrimanes from the Tin Mine Tailings‐Associated Fungus Stachybotrys chartarum

Eight phenylspirodrimane‐type analogues, including five new compounds, named stachartins A – E ( 1 , 3 , 6 – 8 ), were isolated from cultures of the tin mine tailings‐associated fungus Stachybotrys chartarum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 2D‐NMR techniques.     

Identification and Fibrinolytic Evaluation of an Isoindolone Derivative Isolated from a Rare Marine Fungus Stachybotrys longispora FG216

An isoindolone derivative, Fungi fibrinolytic compound (R)‐2,5‐bis((2R,3R)‐2‐((E)‐4,8‐dimethylnona‐3,7‐dien‐1‐yl)‐3,5‐dihydroxy‐2‐methyl‐7‐oxo‐3,4,7,9‐tetrahydropyrano[2,3‐e]isoindol‐8(2H)‐yl)pentanoic acid (FGFC1, Fungi fibrinolytic compound 1 ), was isolated from a rare marine microorganism strain Stachybotrys longispora FG216. The structure of FGFC1 was elucidated by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR, and MS data; moreover, it was also evaluated for fibrinolytic activity in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that 0.1–0.4 mmol/L of FGFC1 could stimulate generation of plasmin activity (increased by 2.05–11.44 folds) by measuring Glu‐plasminogen and Lys‐plasminogen activation in vitro. The experiment of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐fibrinogen degradation indicated that the effect of FGFC1 on fibrinolytic activity was mediated by plasminogen and scuPA. In addition, FGFC1 (10 mg/kg) could dissolve most of pulmonary thrombus of Wistar rat in vivo. It is possible that FGFC1 is a potential thrombolytic agent in the future.