Effect of Electrode Pattern on the Column Structure and Yield Stress of Electrorheological Fluids

For electrorheological (ER) suspensions, the aggregate structures of particles were observed in electric fields by the use of transparent cells with different electrode patterns. Although the suspension is dispersed to noninteracting particles without electric fields, many aggregates are formed on the electrode surface in electric fields. Since the dipole–dipole interactions cause chain structures of particles and equilibrium conformations of chains are always aligned with electric field, the aggregates indicate the presence of columns spanning the electrode gap. The particle concentration in columns which are developed between parallel-plate electrodes is about 22 vol %. In striped electrodes, the particles construct striped aggregates along the electrodes and no particles remain in the insulating region. The particle concentration in striped aggregates is about 35 vol %. The nonuniformity of electric field is responsible for the high particle concentration. The increase in particle concentration of column lead to the high yield stress of electrified suspension. Therefore, the ER performance of suspension as an overall response can be improved by the electrode design.     

用电子散斑干涉法测量材料热膨胀系数

 利用双光束电子散斑干涉法（ESPI）对试件受热变形进行了实时观测，针对一次实验过程中得到的图片较多（300～500幅）的特点，在图像处理时摒弃了以往的手动识别等位移线的办法，用MATLAB语言编写了批处理程序，能够在采集的大量散斑图片中自动快速准确地标定等位移线，得到相应的位移和应变，并结合实时测量的温度值，获得了45钢和LY12铝合金在不同温升率下的热膨胀系数及其随温度的变化。实验结果表明，在涉及的温升率范围内，温升率的改变对材料热膨胀系数的影响不明显，材料的热膨胀系数随温度的升高略有上升。     

Lattice orientation within stirring-induced crystals of polyethylene

Micro-shish-kebab stirring-induced polyethylene crystals, as defined and described in the preceding paper, are flat, ribbon-shaped fibers. Selected area electron-diffraction techniques were used to determine the orientation of the crystal axes with respect to the external fiber shape. It has been shown that in addition to the crystal-lographic c-axis laying along the fiber direction, the normal to the ribbon plane is parallel to the crystallographic a-axis.     

Pattern dynamics in cellular perception

By using a giant amoeboid cell of the Physarum plasmodium, changes in the intracellular distribution of chemical components are studied in relation to information processing in cell behavior. Various kinds of metabolites oscillate, and so the protoplasm should be a collection of chemical oscillators. Spatially, characteristic chemical patterns are self-organized for different cell shapes, and hence cell behavior. New phase waves propagate throughout the cell upon local stimulation, their direction being opposite for attraction and repulsion. Locomotion is inhibited when the coherence of the oscillators breaks. Thus, pattern dynamics is correlated with information processing in the amoeboid cell.     

Metabolite identification of the antimalarial piperaquine in vivo using liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry in combination with multiple data‐mining tools in tandem

Artemisinin‐based combination therapy is widely used for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, and piperaquine (PQ) is one of important partner drugs. The pharmacokinetics of PQ is characterized by a low clearance and a large volume of distribution; however, metabolism of PQ has not been thoroughly investigated. In this work, the metabolite profiling of PQ in human and rat was studied using liquid chromatography tandem high‐resolution LTQ‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HRMS). The biological samples were pretreated by solid‐phase extraction. Data processes were carried out using multiple data‐mining techniques in tandem, i.e., isotope pattern filter followed by mass defect filter. A total of six metabolites (M1–M6) were identified for PQ in human (plasma and urine) and rat (plasma, urine and bile). Three reported metabolites were also found in this study, which included N‐oxidation (M1, M2) and carboxylic products (M3). The subsequent N‐oxidation of M3 resulted in a new metabolite M4 detected in urine and bile samples. A new metabolic pathway N‐dealkylation was found for PQ in human and rat, leading to two new metabolites (M5 and M6). This study demonstrated that LC‐HRMSⁿ in combination with multiple data‐mining techniques in tandem can be a valuable analytical strategy for rapid metabolite profiling of drugs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

受限空间油气爆燃火焰形态

通过受限空间油气爆燃可视化实验发现，在不同初始油气体积分数下，爆燃火焰呈现出不同的表观特征，据此提出了受限空间油气爆燃的3种火焰形态，即光滑球形火焰、褶皱球形火焰和卷曲絮状火焰。分析了3种火焰形态的形成机理，并通过实验观测与理论分析，给出了区分3种火焰形态的临界条件。结合实验中采集到的关键参数，总结了不同的火焰形态下受限空间油气爆燃的反应产物、最大压力、升压速率、反应时间、火焰强度等关键参数的特征与变化规律。     

Deposition pattern of drying droplets

The drying of liquid droplets is a common daily life phenomenon that has long held a special interest in scientific research. When the droplet includes nonvolatile solutes, the evaporation of the solvent induces rich deposition patterns of solutes on the substrate. Understanding the formation mechanism of these patterns has important ramifications for technical applications,ranging from coating to inkjet printing to disease detection. This topical review addresses the development of physical understanding of tailoring the specific ring-like deposition patterns of drying droplets. We start with a brief introduction of the experimental techniques that are developed to control these patterns of sessile droplets. We then summarize the development of the corresponding theory. Particular attention herein is focused on advances and issues related to applying the Onsager variational principle (OVP) theory to the study of the deposition patterns of drying droplets. The main obstacle to conventional theory is the requirement of complex numerical solutions, but fortunately there has been recent groundbreaking progress due to the OVP theory. The advantage of the OVP theory is that it can be used as an approximation tool to reduce the high-order conventional hydrodynamic equations to first-order evolution equations,facilitating the analysis of soft matter dynamic problems. As such, OVP theory is now well poised to become a theory of choice for predicting deposition patterns of drying droplets.     

Multidimensional space groups: Tables and standards

The previous speakers have dealt with tangible physical objects; I am to deal with organizational and symbolic problems. The symbolic problems are of greater scientific importance, but I must begin with those of human organization and in particular with the structure of the International Union of Crystallography (acronym IUCr).     

Phase retrieval from fringe pattern with 1-D discrete wavelet transform

This paper proposes a novel method to obtain frequency modulation (FM) signals from a single fringe pattern for phase retrieval. First, a 1D discrete Meyer wavelet is employed to decompose the pattern image signal row by row and the soft-thresholding approach is applied to remove noise. The low frequency coefficients of the wavelet decomposition are then set to 0, and the signal is reconstructed. Moreover, the optimal wavelet decomposition level is adaptively determined using a cost function-based method. The reconstructed signal, which no longer contains a background component, is normalized using a nonlinear and piecewise normalization method. The proposed method is faster and more accurate than some other phase retrieval approaches, which is illustrated with two test cases.