基于复合泊松过程战略石油储备天数的概率模型及其应用

为了明确国家或地区战略石油储备天数,在分析世界发生石油生产中断的历史数据的基础上,建立了战略石油储备天数的复合泊松过程的概率模型。把模型计算结果与国际能源机构确定的经合组织石油储备天数的标准及其实际石油储备数据进行对比分析,发现该模型具有相当的合理性,可以作为指导国家或地区进行战略石油储备的理论依据。     

木材正辛醇液化产物的红外光谱分析

溶剂溶解技术是生物质液化的重要过程之一。为了在温和条件下从生物质中生产高质量的液体燃料,有必要开发新型液化溶剂。而对液化产物的分析则是评价溶剂液化效果的主要途径。在不锈钢高压釜中进行杨木粉在酸化正辛醇中的液化反应,对液化产物先后用丙酮,正己烷萃取,得到液化残渣、重质油和轻质油。通过对液化残渣、重质油和轻质油的红外光谱分析考察了木材中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的液化规律和转化机理。结果表明,木材液化油品是复杂的混合物,含有羟基、羰基、甲氧基、芳基和醚类化合物。纤维素/半纤维素比木质素更容易液化。纤维素/半纤维素主要转化为轻质油,而木质素液化产物主要是重质油。在150 ℃木质素液化降解生成小分子芳烃,继续升高液化温度导致小分子芳烃重聚合。     

Ultrasonic technology for enhanced oil recovery from failing oil wells and the equipment for its implemention

A new method for the ultrasonic enhancement of oil recovery from failing wells is described. The technology involves lowering a source of power ultrasound to the bottom of the well either for a short treatment before removal or as a permanent placement for intermittent use. In wells where the permeability is above 20 mD and the porosity is greater than 15% ultrasonic treatment can increase oil production by up to 50% and in some cases even more. For wells of lower permeability and porosity ultrasonic treatment alone is less successful but high production rates can be achieved when ultrasound is applied in conjunction with chemicals. An average productivity increase of nearly 3 fold can be achieved for this type of production well using the combined ultrasound with chemical treatment technology.     

润滑油对基于制冷循环的喷雾冷却系统性能的影响

针对高功率固体激光器的散热需求,设计了一种基于制冷循环的喷雾冷却系统,并对其换热性能进行研究。由于制冷系统的压缩机需要润滑,冷却液中不可避免地会混有润滑油。润滑油会对冷却液的粘度、表面张力产生影响,并可能产生油膜,从而对冷却液的换热过程产生强化或抑制。因此,通过实验研究,分析了润滑油对喷雾冷却换热性能的影响。实验结果表明,冷却液中存在润滑油,会增大冷却液流经喷嘴过程中的阻力,减小流量,但根据本系统的应用情况,可以忽略;在低热流密度时,含有一定量的润滑油更有利于热源表面温度的均匀分布,高热流密度时,2%(质量分数)的含油量对温度分布不均的影响可以忽略;润滑油的存在可以提高临界热流密度,使得系统的散热能力得到提高,更有利于其在高功率固体激光器散热领域的应用。     

润滑油对超临界压力CO_2对流换热特性影响

本文对含有少量润滑油对冷却条件下水平细圆管中超临界压力二氧化碳的对流换热特性进行了实验研究,并与相应不含润滑油的工况及已有经验关联式进行对比。实验结果表明,润滑油会使冷却工况下超临界压力二氧化碳的对流换热恶化,尤其是二氧化碳温度在准临界温度附近时,恶化现象更显著。本文提出了用于计算含润滑油时冷却工况下超临界压力二氧化碳对流换热的经验关联式,其计算结果与90%以上实验数据的偏差在25%以内。     

计入孔隙结构影响的复层含油轴承润滑特性分析

基于Darcy定律和Kozeny-Carman孔隙方程,建立多孔质复层含油轴承的流体润滑模型,利用有限差分法数值模拟,分析复层结构和孔隙参数对含油轴承润滑性能的影响.得出结论如下:复层含油轴承润滑性能随轴承高度增大而变差,随孔隙率减小而变好,当总孔隙率一定时,较低的表层孔隙率有利于提高复层含油轴承润滑性能.因此设计复层含油轴承时,在保证一定孔隙含油量的前提下,应尽可能减小表层孔隙率.研究工作为复层含油轴承摩擦学性能分析与结构设计提供一定的理论基础.     

基于社会福利最大化的油气资源税费研究

合理的油气资源税费能够引导企业优化开发决策,平衡当代与后代利益关系,实现跨期资源有效配置。从跨期油气资源最优分配的角度,通过最优控制理论构建寡头垄断市场中社会福利最大化和企业利润最大化目标下的油气资源开发决策模型,并以社会福利最大化目标下的资源开发决策为基准,研究从价、从量、储量三种不同形式的油气资源税费对资源开发决策的调节作用,研究发现:(1)征收从价税费,最优的从价税率为26.4%,政府既可以保障社会最优,还可以获得较多的税费收入;(2)征收从量税费,从量税率为1.77元/吨,政府可以保证社会福利最大化,但相比从价税费政府的税费收入较少;(3)征收储量税费,社会福利最大化下的储量税费为-0.13元/吨,也就是政府需向企业进行补贴才可以保证社会最优,会形成一定的财政压力。     

Ultrasound-assisted desolventizing of fragrant oil from red pepper seed by subcritical propane extraction

In the present study, ultrasound was used to remove the residual solvent from the fragrant oil of red pepper seed obtained by subcritical propane extraction. The physical and chemical characteristics, particularly the volatile flavor compounds present of the oil before and after ultrasound-assisted desolventizing were comprehensively analyzed to determine the effect of the desolventizing process on product quality. The results showed that the maximum loss of residual solvent was achieved at a temperature of 90 °C maintained for 70 min with ultrasound applied during the entire process. After this treatment only a small amount of solvent (2.3% based on the total residual solvent originally present) remained in the oil. Although it was hypothesized that ultrasound treatment could result in the loss of volatile components, the analytical results showed no obvious reduction in the components associated with the typical aroma of the oil. After ultrasonic treatment, the oil also had good oxidation stability and quality. Additionally, after ultrasonic desolventizing, the oil samples were more suitable for cooking because they could more effectively minimize oxidation. Thus, these results demonstrate that this new ultrasonic technique is an effective and efficient method for removing the solvent remaining in fragrant oil after subcritical propane extraction.     

Synergistic antibacterial effects of ultrasound and thyme essential oils nanoemulsion against Escherichia coli O157:H7

Essential oil nanoemulsions have been proven to have stronger antimicrobial effects compared to the essential oil alone or coarse emulsion. Sonoporation could be the promising candidate to trigger a synergistic effect with thyme essential oil nanoemulsion (TEON) and produce a more effective antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, in this study, the bactericidal effects of ultrasound (US) in combination with TEON treatments against Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 were investigated. The remarkable synergistic effects of US (20 kHz, 255 W/cm², 9 min) and TEON (0.375 mg/mL) treatments at 22 °C reduced E. coli O157:H7 populations by 7.42 ± 0.27 log CFU/mL.The morphological changes of cells exposed to different treatments were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the synergistic effects of the ultrasound and TEON treatments altered the morphology and interior microstructure of organism cells. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) images revealed that the combination treatments of ultrasound and TEON altered the permeability of cell membranes, and this affected the integrity of E. coli O157:H7 cells. This was further indicated by the high amounts of nucleic acids and proteins released from these cells following treatment.The results from this study illustrated the mechanisms of the synergistic effects of sonoporation and TEON treatments and provided valuable information for their potential in food pasteurization.     

Effect of ultrasound on the preparation of soy protein isolate-maltodextrin embedded hemp seed oil microcapsules and the establishment of oxidation kinetics models

In this study, microcapsules were prepared by spray drying and embedding hemp seed oil (HSO) with soy protein isolate (SPI) and maltodextrin (MD) as wall materials. The effect of ultrasonic power on the microstructure and characteristics of the composite emulsion and microcapsules was studied. Studies have shown that ultrasonic power has a significant impact on the stability of composite emulsions. The particle size of the composite emulsion after 450 W ultrasonic treatment was significantly lower than the particle size of the emulsion without the ultrasonic treatment. Through fluorescence microscopy observation, HSO was found to be successfully embedded in the wall materials to form an oil/water (O/W) composite emulsion. The spray-dried microcapsules showed a smooth spherical structure through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the particle size was 10.7 μm at 450 W. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis found that ultrasonic treatment would increase the degree of covalent bonding of the SPI-MD complex to a certain extent, thereby improving the stability and embedding effect of the microcapsules. Finally, oxidation kinetics models of HSO and HSO microcapsules were constructed and verified. The zero-order model of HSO microcapsules was found to have a higher degree of fit; after verification, the model can better reflect the quality changes of HSO microcapsules during storage.