Sonochemical production of nanoparticle metal oxides for potential use in dentistry

Two types of ultrasonic instruments used in dentistry have been compared with a sonochemical horn for the production of copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles can be produced from benign reagents using dental instruments as the source of sonochemical enhancement. The process has been operated in resin models of teeth in a preliminary exploration of the potential of the method for enhancing procedures such as root canal surgery. The technique is potentially useful but further work is needed for a full assessment of using in-situ generated nanoparticles as an aid to disinfection during some types of dental surgery.     

Sonochemical rate enhanced by a new nanomagnetic embedded core/shell nanoparticles and catalytic performance in the multicomponent synthesis of pyridoimidazoisoquinolines

A sonochemical approach for the one-pot three-component synthesis of pyridoimidazoisoquinolines via by using phthalaldehyde, trimethylsilylcyanide and aminopyridines the presence of a catalytic amount of a new nanomagnetic catalyst Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-CO-C₆H₄-NH₂ is described. The characterization of the nanocatalyst and the product was done by various methods, such as FT-IR, SEM, EDX, TGA/DTA, NMR, MS and CHN analyses. This is the first design, preparation, characterization and application of the present core/shell nanomaterial and also the first ultrasound irradiated synthesis of the biologically and pharmaceutically important fused polycyclic compounds in ethanol as a green solvent. This novel protocol offers several advantages such as high yields, short reaction times, environmentally-friendly reaction media, easily isolation of the products, simple preparation and recoverability of the nanocatalyst by an external magnet and reusing several times without significant decrease in catalytic activity.     

A study on effect of sonochemistry in a reverberation field

In this paper,an ultrasound with frequency of 815 kHz was used to re-search the sonochemical yield in a small-size reverberation field by the methodof fluorescent spectrum analysis.There are two characteristics on the effect ofsonochemistry in the reverberation field:First,the cavitation threshold wasabout 0.3W/cm~2(it was 0.7W/cm~2 in travelling field);Second,when thesound intensity was larger than the threshold,the sonochemical yield increasedas the intensity increased and increased rapidly after the intensity was at1.69-2.13W/cm~2,so that there was a upturned point in the curve of the result(which would tend to saturation in the travelling field).The theoretical analysisshows that the reason of the threshold decrease is that the sound energy densitybecomes high in the reverberation field,and the upturned point results from thedisturbance of the radiation pressure on the liquid surface.Therefore,by exper-iment and theory this paper shows that a reverberation field has to be built forthe higher sonoche     

Recent applications of EPR and spin trapping to sonochemical studies of organic liquids and aqueous solutions

In this paper we review some of our recent applications of the EPR spin trapping technique to sonochemical studies which include identification of radicals formed in organic liquids and aqueous mixtures of organic liquids, estimation of temperatures of sonochemical regions in mixtures of deuterated and non-deuterated solvents, and the identification of reactive radical intermediates which may play a role in synergistic cell killing by ultrasound and drugs (sonodynamic interactions).     

Catalyst-free SiO2 sonogels

The sol-gel process has been used extensively to produce a great variety of glasses and ceramics using tetraetoxisilane (TEOS) as precursor of the SiO₂ matrix. The majority of synthetic approaches have been focused on the alkoxide-alcohol-water system. In all cases the alkoxide reactions occur through an acid and/or basic catalyzed hydrolysis condensation process. The sonication of acidified water/TEOS has been used as an alternative method to stimulate the hydrolysis of the alkoxide and avoid the use of ethanol as common solvent. These so-called sonogels have been extensively studied, and interesting new properties have been well established. In this work the occurrence of a reaction between neutral water and TEOS activated by high intensity ultrasonic irradiation is evidenced. As a result of this reaction high purity SiO₂ gels are obtained. An ad-hoc experimental setup was used which allows control of the reaction atmosphere during the sonication step, as well as recording of the pH and temperature of the system. The sonication scheme consisted of successive irradiation and short silent periods. A reaction scheme is proposed based on the formation and recombination of radicals during the ultrasonic irradiation step, which results mainly in the formation of a poly-hydroxylated Si species, while the poly-condensation reactions occur after the irradiation step. The high purity SiO₂ sonogels obtained are of interest due to their potential applications as supports for non-linear optical materials, catalytic active phases or in drug delivery.     

Ultrasound-promoted coupling of aryl and heteroaryl halides in the presence of lithium wire

Summary Although sonochemical reactions of bromobenzene and of 2-, 3- and 4-halogenopyridines with lithium wire inTHF solution yield the expected dimers, considerable dehalogenation also occurs, as monitored by¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. A pathway for the unusual formation of 4,4-bipyridyl from the 2-halogenopyridines is proposed. No dimers were detected from the reactions with 2-bromo-4-methylquinoline and 7-bromo-2,4-dimethylquinoline. The synthetic potential of their alternative facile sonochemical dehalogenation is propounded.

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Ultraschallunterstützte Kupplung von Aryl- und Hetarylhalogeniden in Gegenwart von Lithiumdraht. Die Bildung von dimeren und dehalogenierten Produkten

Zusammenfassung Obwohl die Ultraschall-Reaktionen von Brombenzol und 2-, 3- und 4-Halogenpyridinen mit Lithiumdraht inTHF die erwarteten Dimeren ergeben, tritt auch ein beträchtliches Ausmaß an Dehalogenierung ein. Es wird ein möglicher Mechanismus für die ungewöhnliche Bildung von 4,4-Bipyridyl aus 2-Halogenpyridin vorgeschlagen. Aus den Reaktionen von 2-Brom-4-methylchinolin und 7-Brom-2,4-dimethylchinolin resultierten keine dimeren Produkte. Das synthetische Potential der sonochemischen Dehalogenierung wird diskutiert.

     

Sonolysis of actinide(IV) β-diketonates in alkanes

Ultrasonic irradiation with the frequency of 20–22 kHz and absorbed acoustic power about 0.4 W ml^–1 causes degradation of An(IV) tetrakis-β-diketonates, AnL₄, where An(IV) is Th(IV), Np(IV), and Pu(IV), and HL is hexafluoroacetylacetone (HFAA) and dibenzoylmethane (HDBM), in hexadecane solutions in the presence of argon. The rate of the sonochemical process corresponds to a first-order kinetic law with respect to metal β-diketonate concentrations. The first-order rate constant of sonolysis increases with the increase in the volatility of the metal complexes. Solid sonication products consisted of a mixture of actinide carbides and partial degradation products, PDP, of initial metal β-diketonates. It is assumed that metal carbides are formed within the cavitating bubbles as a result of high-temperature process with participation of actinide(IV) β-diketonates and solvent vapours. PDP formation is attributed to the thermolysis of the complexes in a liquid reaction zone surrounding the cavitating bubble. To cite this article: S.I. Nikitenko et al., C. R. Chimie 7 (2004).

Résumé

L’irradiation ultrasonore avec une fréquence de 20–22 kHz et une intensité acoustique de 0,4 W ml^–1 conduit à la décomposition de An(IV) tétrakis-β-dicétones, AnL₄, où An(IV) est Th(IV), Np(IV) et Pu(IV), et HL est l’hexafluoroacétylacétone (HFAA) et le dibenzoylméthane (HDBM) en milieu hexadécane sous argon. La cinétique de décomposition sonochimique est d’ordre 1 par rapport à la concentration du complexe et la cinétique augmente avec la volatilité du complexe métallique. Les produits solides de décomposition sont un mélange de carbure d’actinides et de produits de décomposition partielle PDP. Il a été observé que les carbures d’actinide sont formés dans la bulle de cavitation compte tenu des fortes températures et de la présence simultanée du complexe métallique volatil et du solvant (hexadécane). La formation des PDP est attribuée à la thermolyse du complexe à l’interface de la bulle de cavitation. Pour citer cet article : S.I. Nikitenko et al., C. R. Chimie 7 (2004).     

An Efficient and Highly Chemoselective Method to Desilylate Silyl Ethers

An efficient and highly chemoselective desilylating method is described. Trimethylsilyl ethers (0.25 M) in a CH₃OH/CCl₄ (1:1) solvent mixture are deprotected to their corresponding alcohols with ultrasound in a commercial ultrasonic cleaning bath. Selective deprotection of tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers of benzyl alcohols and phenols is achieved under ultrasonic conditions. We deprotected also tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers of primary alcohols, whereas tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers of secondary and tertiary alcohols are stable under these conditions.     

Facile one-step sonochemical synthesis of ultrafine and stable fluorescent C-dots

This work describes a one-step synthesis of carbon dots (C-dots), which is carried out by sonication of polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) for 0.5–3 h. The effect of the various experimental parameters, such as sonication time, amplitude and temperature on the size and the fluorescence of the C-dots was studied. It was found that the average diameter of the C-dots is between 2 and 9 nm, depending on the preparation conditions. The highest quantum yield of emission was ∼16%. These high fluorescence properties of the C-dots could be used for bioimaging and for solar cell applications.     

Simultaneous sonochemical-enzymatic coating of medical textiles with antibacterial ZnO nanoparticles

The antimicrobial finishing is a must for production of medical textiles, aiming at reducing the bioburden in clinical wards and consequently decreasing the risk of hospital-acquired infections. This work reports for the first time on a simultaneous sonochemical/enzymatic process for durable antibacterial coating of cotton with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The novel technology goes beyond the “stepwise” concept we proposed recently for enzymatic pre-activation of the fabrics and subsequent sonochemical nano-coating, and is designed to produce “ready-to-use” antibacterial medical textiles in a single step. A multilayer coating of uniformly dispersed NPs was obtained in the process. The enzymatic treatment provides better adhesion of the ZnO NPs and, as a consequence, enhanced coating stability during exploitation. The NPs-coated cotton fabrics inhibited the growth of the medically relevant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively by 67% and 100%. The antibacterial efficiency of these textile materials resisted the intensive laundry regimes used in hospitals, though only 33% of the initially deposited NPs remained firmly fixed onto the fabrics after multiple washings.