Transmission electron microscopy investigation of dislocation slip during superelastic cycling of Ni-Ti wires

Superelastic deformation of thin Ni-Ti wires containing various nanograined microstructures was investigated by tensile cyclic loading with in situ evaluation of electric resistivity. Defects created by the superelastic cycling in these wires were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The role of dislocation slip in superelastic deformation is discussed. Ni-Ti wires having finest microstructures (grain diameter <100 nm) are highly resistant against dislocation slip, while those with fully recrystallized microstructure and grain size exceeding 200 nm are prone to dislocation slip. The density of the observed dislocation defects increases significantly with increasing grain size. The upper plateau stress of the superelastic stress-strain curves is largely grain size independent from 10 up to 1000 nm. It is hence claimed that the Hall-Petch relationship fails for the stress-induced martensitic transformation in this grain size range. It is proposed that dislocation slip taking place during superelastic cycling is responsible for the accumulated irreversible strains, cyclic instability and degradation of functional properties. No residual martensite phase was found in the microstructures of superelastically cycled wires by TEM and results of the in situ electric resistance measurements during straining also indirectly suggest that none or very little martensite phase remains in the studied cycled superelastic wires after unloading. The accumulation of dislocation defects, however, does not prevent the superelasticity. It only affects the shape of the stress-strain response, makes it unstable upon cycling and changes the deformation mode from localized to homogeneous. The activity of dislocation slip during superelastic deformation of Ni-Ti increases with increasing test temperature and ultimately destroys the superelasticity as the plateau stress approaches the yield stress for slip. Deformation twins in the austenite phase ({1 1 4} compound twins) were frequently found in cycled wires having largest grain size. It is proposed that they formed in the highly deformed B19′ martensite phase during forward loading and are retained in austenite after unloading. Such twinning would represent an additional deformation mechanism of Ni-Ti yielding residual irrecoverable strains.     

二元氧化物绝缘层的溶液法制备及在阻变存储器中的应用

阻变存储器(RRAM)凭借可高度集成、可同时存储和运算、运行速率快、功耗低等特性,成为最具潜力的存储技术之一。因电学性能优良且与互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)兼容性好,二元氧化物材料在RRAM的发展中具有重要意义。与传统绝缘层沉积工艺不同,溶液法制备绝缘层是先将前驱体溶液制成薄膜,再将薄膜通过不同的工艺转化为绝缘层。因此前驱体溶液种类以及转化工艺均对所制备的绝缘层的微观结构、化学组成和电学性能具有直接的影响。本文首先简要介绍了RRAM的发展历程及作用机制;其次综述了溶液法制备氧化物材料在忆阻器中的应用,重点围绕前驱体溶液组成、转化机理与所制备氧化物绝缘层结构性能关系对已报道的结果进行分析,最后阐述了溶液法制备绝缘层材料面临的关键问题并展望了其未来发展方向。     

Spin- and charge density perturbations and short-range order in Fe–Cu and Fe–Zn BCC alloys: A Mössbauer study

A model used to describe the ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra for the binary BCC iron alloys rich in iron has been extended to account for the alloy crystallographic ordering. The ordering is accounted for by introducing single order parameter. Extension of the model is described in detail. The model has been tested applying it to the Fe–Cu alloys obtained by the arc melting and to the Fe–Zn alloys prepared by the solid state reaction. Random alloys are obtained up to ∼2 at% of Cu, and up to ∼8 at% of Zn. For higher impurity (minor alloy component) concentration it has been found that Cu atoms try to avoid Fe atoms in the iron matrix as nearest neighbors, while the opposite happens to the Zn atoms, albeit at much lesser scale, i.e., Zn–Zn interactions are much weaker than Fe–Zn interactions at the nearest neighbor distance. Perturbations to the iron magnetic hyperfine field (spin density) and electron (charge) density on the iron nucleus have been obtained for both series of alloys versus impurity concentration.     

Modeling shape distributions and inferences for assessing differences in shapes

The general class of complex elliptical shape distributions on a complex sphere provides a natural framework for modeling shapes in two dimensions. Such class includes many distributions, e.g., complex Normal, Watson, Bingham, angular central Gaussian and several others. We employ this class of distributions to develop methods for asserting differences in populations of shapes in two dimensions. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for estimation of modal difference are developed along with hypothesis testing and credible regions for average shape difference. The methodology is applied in an example from biometry, where we are interested in detecting shape differences between male and female gorilla skulls.     

Enhanced mechanical and shape memory properties of polyurethane block copolymers chain-extended by ethylene diamine

Effect on shape memory and mechanical properties of polyurethane (PU) copolymers by changing the chain extender from 1,4-butanediol (BD) to ethylenediamine (ED) was investigated. PU copolymers composed of the different ratio of hard and soft segment were prepared and characterized by IR, DSC, XRD, and UTM. Glass transition temperature of PU increased to room temperature range by adopting ED as a chain extender. The XRD peak pattern changed with hard segment content. ED type PU achieved the high mechanical properties at lower hard segment content than BD type PU. Especially, strain at break of ED type significantly improved compared to BD type. Shape recovery rates were similar for both types of PU, but ED type showed better shape retention rate than BD type. The reason for the differences between two types of PU is discussed in this paper.     

Surface atomic distribution and water adsorption on Pt-Co alloys

Density functional theory is used to study surface atomic distributions on slabs of PtCo and Pt₃Co overall compositions, as well as water molecule adsorption on PtCo(1 1 1) and Pt-skin structures. Pt-rich surfaces are energetically favored under vacuum in the PtCo and Pt₃Co alloys. The adsorption trend on the studied structures agrees with the d-band model, with stronger adsorption at higher surface Co composition. The most stable adsorption site for a water molecule on PtCo surfaces is on top of Co atoms, with the dipole vector parallel to the surface. This water/surface interaction is as strong as that of water molecule on Pt(1 1 1), whereas bonding to Pt-skin monolayers is found much weaker than that on Pt(1 1 1). It is found that water interacts mainly through its 1b₁ and 3a₁ orbitals with d orbitals of the Pt(1 1 1), PtCo(1 1 1) and Pt-skin surface atoms. Compared to the sum of the electron densities of the separated systems, the electron density of the water/surface gets depleted along O-Pt on Pt-skin surfaces while it becomes richer in the O-Co bonding region of PtCo.     

Existence and Exponential Stability for a Euler-Bernoulli Beam Equation with Memory and Boundary Output Feedback Control Term

In this paper, we consider the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation with memory and boundary output feedback control term. We prove the existence of solutions using the Galerkin method and then investigate the exponential stability of solutions by using multiplier technique. This work was supported by grant number KRF-2005-202-C00030 from the Korea Research Foundation. This work was supported by National Institute for Mathematical Sciences.     

参数保形插值中决定切矢的方法

由分段三次参数多项式曲线拼合成的Ｃ１插值曲线的形状与数据点处的切矢有很大关系．基于对保形插值曲线特点的分析，本文提出了估计数据点处切矢的一种方法：采用使构造的插值曲线的长度尽可能短的思想估计数据点处的切矢，并且通过四组有代表性的数据对本方法和已有的三种方法进行了比较．     

Design Sensitivity for a Hyperelastic Rod in Large Displacement with Respect to Its Midcurve Shape

The paper is concerned with an optimal design problem for a hyperelastic rod. The function describing the position of a point at the line of rod cross-section centroids in its reference configuration is the variable subject to optimization. The necessary optimality condition is formulated. The continuation method combined with the gradient descent algorithm are employed to solve this problem numerically. Numerical results are provided.     

Al-Cu approximants in the alloy

The composition, with an e / a ratio of 1.86 being close to ternary Al-Cu-TM (Transition Metal) quasicrystals, has been chosen for the search of Al-Cu approximants. Phase structures and compositions were studied using TEM, X-ray diffraction and EPMA techniques. Two new phases were found: face-centered orthorhombic oF-Al_43.2Cu_56.8 (a = 0.816 ₆ , b = 1.414 ₉ , c = 0.999 ₅ nm) and body-centered orthorhombic oI-Al_41.3Cu_58.7 (oI, a = 0.408 ₃ , b = 0.707 ₄ , c = 0.999 ₅ nm). Their e / a ratios are the same as that of the Al-Cu-Fe icosahedral quasicrystal. Their space groups are probably oF-Fmm2 and oI-Imm2. Both are B2 vacancy-containing superstructures; unit cell compositions can be expressed approximately as oF-Al₃₆Cu and oI-Al₈Cu (: vacancies). They both exist in twinning variants of the types and . Such twinning modes indicate that these orthorhombic phases are the decomposition products of a high-temperature parent phase 2-Al₂Cu₃, the atomic structure of which contains pentagonal atomic arrangements. Therefore the oF, oI, and phases are all B2-based approximants corresponding to the Al-Cu-TM quasicrystals. Received: 8 July 1997 / Revised: 19 May 1998 / Accepted: 16 June 1998