电感耦合等离子体串联质谱测定婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中的重金属镉

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品是婴幼儿营养的重要能量来源,其主要原料为大米,而水稻极易从其生长的土壤和水中吸收重金属Cd积累到谷粒中,导致大米中Cd的残留浓度相对较高,从而对婴幼儿谷类辅助食品构成潜在威胁。提出了电感耦合等离子体串联质谱（ICP-MS/MS）测定婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中重金属Cd的新策略。样品经微波消解处理后,采用ICP-MS/MS进行测定。婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中Cd的测定所面临的质谱干扰主要来源于高浓度Mo所形成的Mo基多原子干扰离子（MoO+,MoN+,MoC+）以及Sn所形成的同量异位素（112Sn+,114Sn+,116Sn+）。针对这些干扰,在MS/MS模式下,分别采用H₂,NH₃/He和O₂为反应气,考察不同Cd同位素的质谱干扰消除效果和分析灵敏度。结果表明,在H₂和NH₃/He反应模式下,H₂和NH₃均能与Mo基干扰离子发生质量转移反应,而不与Sn+反应,可选择110Cd+,111Cd+和113Cd+进行测定,但H₂与Mo基干扰离子反应速度较慢,难以彻底消除高浓度Mo基质中对Cd的质谱干扰;在O₂反应模式下,所有干扰离子均能与O₂发生质量转移反应,虽然获得的分析灵敏度略低于NH₃/He反应模式,但背景等效浓度（BEC）明显比NH₃/He反应模式低。确定了以O₂为反应气消除干扰测定Cd的最优分析方案。利用标准参考物质评价了方法的准确性,采用国标法（GB5009.268—2016）进行对比分析验证了方法的可靠性。结果表明,Cd的LOD为2.03～13.4 ng·L-1,标准参考物质的测定值与认定值基本一致,在95%的置信水平,对比分析结果之间无显著性差异。方法的灵敏度高,结果准确可靠,适用于大批量婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中重金属Cd的高通量测定。     

Dickenmeßgeräte für die Automatisierung von Kaltbandwalzwalzwerken

Nach einem kurzen Vergleich verschiedener Meßverfahren werden die speziellen Probleme beim Einsatz von Dickenmeßgeräten mit radioaktiven Nukliden in autoautomatischen Walzanlagen dargelegt. An Hand der Forderungen nach konstanter Empfindlichkeit, geringer Meßunsicherheit, Fernbedienbarkeit, leistungsstarker Ausgangsgröße und optimalem Zeitverhalten wird die Konzeption der Flächengewichtsmeßgerate VA-T-74 und VA-T-75 beschrieben. Die wichtigsten Daten werden mitgeteilt.     

Heart rate variability analysis by chaotic global techniques in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by decreased attention span, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. Autonomic nervous system imbalance was previously described in this population. We aim to compare the autonomic function of children with ADHD and controls by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV). Children with ADHD (22 boys, mean age 9.964 years) and 28 controls (15 boys, mean age 9.857 years) rested in supine position with spontaneous breathing for 20 min. Heart rate was recorded beat by beat. HRV analysis was performed by use of chaotic global techniques. ADHD promoted an increase in the chaotic forward parameter. The algorithm which applied all three chaotic global parameters was only the second optimum statistically measured by Kruskal–Wallis (P < 0.0001) and low standard deviations. It was also highly influential by principal component analysis with almost all variation covered by the first two components. The third algorithm which lacked the (high spectral Detrended Fluctuation Analysis) parameter performed best statistically. However, we chose the algorithm which applied all three chaotic globals due to previous studies mentioned in the text—forward and inverse problems. Comparison of the autonomic function by analyzing HRV with chaotic global techniques suggests an increase in chaotic activity in children with ADHD in relation to the control group. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 412–419, 2016     

Harmonics-to-noise ratios in normally speaking prepubescent girls and boys

This study examined harmonics-to-noise ratios (HNR) in 4 groups of normally speaking children. HNRs were calculated for the vowels /ai/ and /inverted v/, selected from conversational speech samples of 80 children aged 4, 6, 8, and 10 years (10 boys and 10 girls at each age level). HNR values for /inverted v/ were significantly higher than those for /ai/. Significant age differences emerged for /ai/ between ages 4 and 8, and ages 8 and 10. Girls obtained significantly higher HNRs than boys for the /ai/ vowel. Overall, the HNR values for these normally speaking children were lower than those reported for normally speaking adults. These findings suggest that acoustic values for children cannot be validly compared to those for adults, and that the child's gender and age should be taken into account when applying spectral analyses to research and/or clinical situations.     

The neural correlates of calculation ability in children: an fMRI study

Most studies investigating mental numerical processing involve adult participants and little is known about the functioning of these systems in children. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of numeracy and the influence of age on these correlates with a group of adults and a group of third graders who had average to above average mathematical ability. Participants performed simple and complex versions of exact and approximate calculation tasks while in the magnet. Like adults, children activated a network of brain regions in the frontal and parietal lobes during the calculation tasks, and they recruited additional brain regions for the more complex versions of the tasks. However, direct comparisons between adults and children revealed significant differences in level of activation across all tasks. In particular, patterns of activation in the parietal lobe were significantly different as a function of age. Findings support previous claims that the parietal lobe becomes more specialized for arithmetic tasks with age.     

阳江市儿童微量元素防治研究

对阳江市 1～ 7岁儿童采用微量元素防治前、后头发中的元素含量进行了对照研究。结果显示 ,防治后儿童头发Zn [( 84 37± 1 6 32 )× 1 0 -6]、Ca [( 71 7 62± 83 1 8)× 1 0 -6]、Mn[( 3 2 3± 0 93)× 1 0 -6]均显著高于防治前儿童的发Zn [( 82 1 5± 1 9 0 0 )× 1 0 -6,P <0 0 1 ]、Ca[( 5 1 1 5 6± 93 5 5 )× 1 0 -6,P <0 0 1 ]、Mn [( 1 81± 0 86)× 1 0 -6,P <0 0 1 ]的含量。而儿童在防治后的发Pb含量 [( 1 0 1 6± 2 2 8)× 1 0 -6]则显著低于防治前的发Pb [( 1 2 82± 7 4 3)×1 0 -6,P <0 0 1 ]。还分别对男童和女童在防治前、后头发中的微量元素含量进行了对比研究。结果表明 ,阳江地区采取的干预措施是提高当地儿童体内微量元素水平的一条有效途径。     

一类CKF模型稳态解的存在唯一性及其性质

在非强可加的Cobb-Douglas型效用函数下建立了含内生生育率的C-K模型,即CKF模型．证明模型至少存在的一个非零的稳态解,当参数满足一定条件时,稳态解是唯一的．稳态解处人口生育率与子女抚养时间成反比．与人口生育率界限成正比．讨论家庭消费、人口生育偏好和技术水下对经济发展最终状况的影响．     

东莞市城区儿童血锌、铁、钙元素与饮食习惯、生长发育关系的研究

探讨了莞城地区幼儿园3～7岁儿童血锌、铁、钙值与饮食习惯、身高、体重、易感染情况的关系，以便进一步指导喂养。采用群体自愿参加者取静脉血，检测了血清锌、铁、钙。检测前向家长发问卷调查饮食习惯、易感染情况。抽血后测量身高、体重。结果表明，在城区7所幼儿园1125例受检儿童中，检出血锌、铁、钙异常者831例(73．9％)，其中低于正常值者525例(63．2％)。有不良饮食习惯儿童342例(30．4％)。有轻度营养不良189例(16．8％)。身高不达标342例(30．4％)。复感儿508例(54．8％)。结论为：(1)本组儿童低血锌情况严重，而血锌值与饮食习惯、易感染情况、身高有密切关系。(2)未发现一例低血清铁者。(3)儿童低血钙者较少，低血钙与不良饮食习惯有关。     

A miniaturized active sampler for the assessment of personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide

A personalized, miniaturized air sampling system was evaluated to estimate the daily exposure of pediatric asthmatics to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The lightweight device (170 g) uses a sampling pump connected to a solid sorbent tube containing triethanolamine (TEA)-impregnated molecular sieve. The pump is powered by a 9 V battery and samples air over a 24 h period at a collection rate of 0.100 L/min. After exposure, the solid sorbent is removed from the tubes for spectrophotometric analysis (Griess Assay). The lower detection limit of the overall method for NO₂ is 11 μg/m³. The linearity, precision and accuracy of the sampler was evaluated. Different NO₂ concentrations generated in the laboratory (range: 50 to 340 μg/m³) were simultaneously measured by the TEA tube samplers and colocated continuous chemiluminescent NO_x analyzers (reference method). The coefficient of determination for the laboratory test derived from ordinary linear regression (OLR) was r ²=0.99 (y _OLR=0.94x−4.58) and the precision 3.6%. Further, ambient NO₂ concentrations in the field (range: 10–120 μg/m³) were verified with continuous chemiluminescent monitors next to the active samplers. Reweighted least squares analysis (RLS) based on the least median squares procedure (LMS) resulted in a correlation of r ²=0.68 for a field comparison in Riverside, CA (y _RLS=1.01x−0.94) and r ²=0.92 in Los Angeles, CA (y _RLS=1.31x−7.12). The precision of the TEA tube devices was 7.4% (at 20–60 μg/m³ NO₂) under outdoor conditions. Data show that the performance of this small active sampling system was satisfactory for measuring environmental concentrations of NO₂ under laboratory and field conditions. It is useful for personal monitoring of NO₂ in environmental epidemiology studies where daily measurements are desired.     

铅污染与儿童健康

综述了环境铅污染与儿童健康的关系,包括：儿童铅中毒的原因,铅对儿童健康的危害和儿童铅污染的防治等,主要参考文献７篇。