Organosolv Fractionation of Birch Sawdust: Establishing a Lignin-First Biorefinery

The use of residual biomass for bioconversions makes it possible to decrease the output of fossil-based chemicals and pursue a greener economy. While the use of lignocellulosic material as sustainable feedstock has been tried at pilot scale, industrial production is not yet economically feasible, requiring further technology and feedstock optimization. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of replacing woodchips with residual sawdust in biorefinery applications. Woodchips can be used in value-added processes such as paper pulp production, whereas sawdust is currently used mainly for combustion. The main advantages of sawdust are its large supply and a particle size sufficiently small for the pretreatment process. Whereas, the main challenge is the higher complexity of the lignocellulosic biomass, as it can contain small amounts of bark and cambium. Here, we studied the fractionation of birch sawdust by organosolv pretreatment at two different temperatures and for two different durations. We evaluated the efficiency of fractionation into the three main fractions: lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The cellulose content in pretreated biomass was as high as 69.2%, which was nearly double the amount in untreated biomass. The obtained lignin was of high purity, with a maximum 4.5% of contaminating sugars. Subsequent evaluation of the susceptibility of pretreated solids to enzymatic saccharification revealed glucose yields ranging from 75% to 90% after 48 h but reaching 100.0% under the best conditions. In summary, birch sawdust can be successfully utilized as a feedstock for organosolv fractionation and replace woodchips to simplify and lower the costs of biorefinery processes.     

亚临界水萃取技术应用于环境样品预处理的研究

对近几年来亚临界水萃取（Sub-critical water extraction,SCWE）技术的研究进行了综述,介绍了亚临界水萃取技术的原理、特点及其在环境分析中的应用。与传统的样品预处理方法和一些新的样品预处理技术（如微波辅助萃取）相比,SCWE可以不使用有机溶剂,对环境造成的污染较小,是一种绿色的样品预处理技术。SCWE在萃取能力、回收率、精密度等方面具有相当的可靠性。方法具有较高的选择性分离预富集某些有机污染物（如多环芳烃等）的特点（引述文献22篇）。     

新型的样品前处理技术-固相微萃取

文中对固相微萃取,作为一种试样预处理的新技术,在1990-2004年的进展作了评述,介绍了固相微萃取技术的装置、试验方法、原理、涂层、影响因素、应用及发展趋势,引用文献39篇。     

硬质合金CVD金刚石涂层工具衬底前处理技术研究

本研究采用KOH:K3[Fe(CN)6]:H2O和H2SO4:H2O2两种溶液浸蚀硬质合金衬底,分别选择刻蚀WC和Co.并在浸蚀过的硬质合金衬底上,用强电流直流伸展电弧等离子体CVD法沉积金刚石涂层.研究表明,两步混合处理法不仅可以有效的去除硬质合金基体表面的钴,而且,还可显著粗化硬质合金衬底.因此,提高了金刚石薄膜的质量和涂层的附着力.     

Effects of multi-frequency ultrasound pretreatment under low power density on the enzymolysis and the structure characterization of defatted wheat germ protein

The effects of ultrasonic frequency mode, power density, pretreatment time and other parameters under low power density on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of defatted wheat germ protein (DWGP) and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate were studied in this research. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra, free sulfhydryl (SH), disulfide bond (SS), surface hydrophobicity and hydrophobic protein content of ultrasound-pretreated protein and hydrophobic amino acid (HAA) content of alcalase-hydrolysate of DWGP were measured under optimized ultrasonic condition. The ultrasonic frequency mode with dual-fixed frequency combination of 28/40 kHz showed higher ACE inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate compared with that of other ultrasound frequency modes and all the ultrasonic frequency combinations involving in 28 kHz showed higher ACE inhibitory activity. Under the dual-fixed frequency ultrasound mode of 28/40 kHz, ultrasonic power density of 60 W/L, pretreatment time of 70 min, temperature of 60°C and substrate concentration of 60 g/L, the ACE inhibitory activity of DWGP hydrolysate was the highest with its value of 74.75% (increased by 62.30% compared to control). However, all the ultrasonic pretreatment did not increase the DH of DWGP significantly (p > 0.05). The changes in UV–Vis spectra, SH and SS groups, surface hydrophobicity and hydrophobic protein content indicated that the structure of DWGP unfolded after ultrasound pretreatment. The HAA content of hydrolysate from the pretreated DWGP increased significantly (p < 0.05). The results proved that ultrasound pretreatment loosed the protein structure and exposed more HAA residues of protein to be attacked easily by alcalase. This resulted in the increase in the HAA content which related to the ACE inhibitory activity.     

一种便携式快速等离激元增强拉曼光谱检测前处理仪的研制与在食品安全中的应用

便携式拉曼光谱仪在现场快速分析中往往由于现场样品比较复杂,需要处理后才能采用光谱仪进行测定,因此一定程度上限制它的使用。常规实验室前处理虽然行之有效,但是过程繁琐费时,不适合现场使用。本课题组开发了一种便携式快速PERS前处理仪器,具有便携、功耗低、操作简便,提取时间短以及重复性好等特点,能满足现场快速检测的前处理需求。该仪器由超声波提取单元、加热抽气挥发单元、尾气净化与吸收单元以及控制系统四个功能模块组成,并且设有LED控制面板和报警装置。整个工作流程主要包括超声提取、液液萃取和溶剂加热抽气挥发三个环节。以三种实际样品(辣椒粉、辣椒油、豆瓣酱)中的违禁添加剂罗丹明B检测为例,结果表明：与常规实验室前处理方法相比,两种前处理方法对于PERS谱图影响不大,但是检测时间缩短一半。另外,重复性实验检测结果的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)小于±5%。     

限进介质固相萃取及其应用

系统地介绍了限进介质固相萃取的原理、特点、发展现状及其发展趋势,并对该技术在生物和环境样品前处理中的应用作了较详细的综述。引用文献58篇。     

硅烷偶联剂对不锈钢表面膜基结合强度的影响

运用拉伸法研究了硅烷偶联剂对316L不锈钢高分子涂层的结合强度的影响,并对硅烷偶联剂的含量、预处理时间及pH值等工艺条件进行了优化。采用ATRIR,XPS等技术表征了偶联剂提高膜基结合强度的机理。结果表明：硅烷偶联剂能够显著提高不锈钢与高分子涂层之间的结合强度,最佳的工艺条件为：偶联剂含量W=0．05,处理时间为10s,溶液的pH值为6。作用机理是：偶联剂一端与金属生成了Si-O-Me键。另一端与高分子相互缠绕形成了复杂的互穿网络结构。     

Calcium sulphate scaling in membrane distillation process

Formation of precipitates containing CaSO₄ during membrane distillation, applied to the concentration of aqueous salt solutions, is discussed in this paper. It was found that the concentration of SO₄²⁻ ions in such solutions should not exceed 600 mg L⁻¹ when they are subjected to concentration. However, concentration of sulphates at the level of 800 mg L⁻¹ in the feed is permissible provided that the excess of CaSO₄ is removed in a crystallizer. Crystallisation of salts, mainly CaSO₄ · 2H₂O, on the surface and inside the membrane was observed at higher feed concentrations, causing damage of the module. Precipitation of calcium sulphate was also observed during the production of demineralised water when high values of the water recovery coefficient (above 90 %) were used. In this case, the formed precipitate also contained CaCO₃, the co-precipitation of which significantly changed the properties of the scaling layer. The precipitate containing both CaSO₄ and CaCO₃ was formed mainly on the membrane surface and it could easily be removed by rinsing the module with a HCl solution. Presented at the 35th International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatransé Matliare, 26–30 May 2008.     

Simultaneous determination of fluorine and iodine in urine by ion chromatography with electrochemical pretreatment

A new method for the simultaneous determination of fluorine and iodine in urine by ion chromatography(IC) with electrochemical pretreatment has been developed.The pretreatment was performed in a novel electrochemical oxidation-neutralization device(EOND),in which iodide of the sample was oxidized to iodate and the alkaline digestion sample solution was neutralized.Under the optimized conditions,the limits of detection(LOD,S/N = 3) were 2.5μg/L for fluoride and 20μg/L for iodate,respectively.The recoverie...