Identification of Salvia species using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with chemical pattern recognition analysis

Salvia miltiorrhiza, also known as Danshen, is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hematological abnormalities. The root and rhizome of Salvia przewalskii and Salvia yunnanensis have been found as substitutes for Salvia miltiorrhiza in the market. In this study, the chemical information of 14 major compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes were determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatography method. Stepwise discriminant analysis was adopted to select the characteristic variables. Partial least squares discriminant and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed to classify Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes. The results showed that all of the samples were correctly classified both in partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the four compounds (caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, and salvianolic acid A). This method can not only distinguish Salvia miltiorrhiza and its substitutes, but also classify Salvia przewalskii and Salvia yunnanensis. The method can be applied for the quality assessment of Salvia miltiorrhiza and identification of unknown samples.     

Interconvertible Eudesmanolides Containing a 6,12‐Hemiketal Function from Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib.

Two new eudesmanolide sesquiterpenoids containing a hemiacetal function, castanins G and H ( 1 and 2 ), were obtained as a pair of interconvertible isomers from the aerial parts of Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. , and separated as their uninterconvertible acetates 3 and 4 . Their structures were elucidated by unequivocal interpretation and comparative analysis of the NMR and MS data of the mixture 1 / 2 and of their acetates 3 and 4 , respectively. The inhibitory activity of 3 and 4 toward MCF‐7, HeLa, and HepG2 cell lines was also evaluated.     

Determination of fingerprints contents of different extracts and parts of six endemic Salvia taxa by GC–MS: Source species for valuable compounds with drug or drug potential

Public use of Salvia species and their importance in the scientific world is continually increasing. It is known that this use and the importance of Salvia species are mostly due to the terpenoid compounds that they contain. In this context, the terpenoid–steroid–flavonoid contents of extracts of six endemic Salvia (S. kurdica, S. pseudeuphratica, S. rosifolia, S. siirtica, S. cerino-pruinosa var. cerino-pruinosa and S. cerino-pruinosa var. elazigensis) species prepared with different solvents were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Within the framework of the ingredient analysis, content analysis of the ethanol extracts of the root, branch, leaf and flower parts of the species collected in the same period between 2015 and 2017 years was performed. In general, extracts prepared with chloroform and ethanol were found to contain a wide variety of compounds while petroleum ether extracts were found to contain much less varied compounds. In addition, in general, root extracts are richer in terpenoid compounds than aerial part extracts. Some species can be used as source species in terms of ferruginol, cryptanol, 6,7-dehydroroyleanone, lup-(20)29-ene-2α-hydroxy-3β-acetate, salvigenin and β-sitosterol contents (52,114.28, 75,979.08, 101,247.41, 40,071.29, 33,952.13 and 34,010.90 μg analyte/g extract, respectively).     

Rapid and high-throughput purification of salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by high-performance counter-current chromatography

A large-scale purification of salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is presented. The method development began with selection of the solvent system, then optimization of the operating parameters and ended up with linear scale-up from an analytical to a preparative instrument. Three factors were used for method optimization and scale-up estimation: purity, process throughput and process efficiency. Preparation was achieved using a two-phase solvent system comprising hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–acetic acid–water (1:5:1.5:0.00596:5, v/v). This preparation yielded 475 mg of salvianolic acid B with a purity of 96.1% from 1.5 g of crude extract. The process throughput of crude was 2.23 g/h while process efficiency per gram of target compound was 0.769 g/h. Two factors—process environmental risk factor and process evaluation factor were used for evaluation of the separation process.     

Salvia broussonetii Benth.: aroma profile and micromorphological analysis

The volatile profiles (VOC) and the essential oil (EO) composition from the aerial parts of Salvia broussonetii were analysed. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons dominate the VOCs from leaves (95.7%) and flowers (67.6%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (2.6 and 29.7%, respectively). The main common compounds are germacrene D, β-bourbonene, α-pinene, α-copaene and α-gurjunene, even if with divergent relative abundances. In the leaf EOs the sesquiterpenes prevail, even if not overwhelmingly (about 50.0%), followed by monoterpenes (23.0–35.0%) and by minor fractions of diterpene hydrocarbons and non-terpene derivates. The most abundant common compounds across the two sampling periods are α-pinene, β-pinene, isobornyl acetate, α-gurjenene, germacrene D and bifloratriene. A morphological characterisation of the trichomes responsible for the productivity in terpenes was also performed. Four different morphotypes were observed on the above ground organs of S. brussonetii: peltates and capitates of type II and III resulted the only producers of volatile substances.     

高效液相色谱法测定粘毛鼠尾草石油醚提取物中一种新吉玛烷型倍半萜

建立了高效液相色谱分离测定粘毛鼠尾草中一种新吉玛烷型倍半萜，3β，6β，8α-三乙酰氧基-4β，5α-环氧吉玛-1-烯的方法：采用Kromasil C18反相色谱柱，以甲醇-水（体积比75：25）为流动相，流速0．8mL／min，检测波长204nm，在10min内分离检测该倍半萜。结果 线性范围0．065～32．5μg，相关系数0．999，检出限0．01μg，平均回收率98％，RSD3．1％。测得粘毛鼠尾草全草石油醚提取物中该吉玛烷倍半萜的含量为20.9mg／g。     

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvia macilenta</Emphasis> from Iran

The hydrodistilled essential oil composition from the aerial parts of Salvia macilenta (Lamiaceae) from Iran was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The oil analysis confirmed the characterization of thirty-one compounds, accounting for 99.4% of the total oil. Analysis of the oil showed that the oil of S. macilenta was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons with a-pinene (60%) as the main component followed by γ-elemene (6.1%), thymol (5.2%), elemol (4.7%), and β-caryophyllene (4.1%).__________Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 136–137, March–April, 2005.     

Micropropagation of Salvia wagneriana Polak and hairy root cultures with rosmarinic acid production

Salvia wagneriana Polak is a tropical species native to Central America, well adapted to grow in the Mediterranean basin for garden decoration. Micropropagation has been assessed from axillary shoots of adult plants using a Murashige and Skoog basal medium, with the addition of 1.33-μM 6-benzylaminopurine for shoot proliferation; the subsequent rooting phase occurred in plant growth regulator-free medium. The plants were successfully acclimatised with high survival frequency. Hairy roots were induced after co-cultivation of leaf lamina and petiole fragments with Agrobacterium rhizogenes and confirmed by PCR. The establishment and proliferation of the selected HRD3 line were obtained in hormone-free liquid medium and the production of rosmarinic acid (RA) was evaluated after elicitation. The analysis of RA was performed by LC-ESI-DAD-MS in the hydroalcoholic extracts. The addition of casein hydrolysate increased the RA production, whereas no enrichment was observed after the elicitation with jasmonic acid.     

Quality Assessment of Cardiotonic Pills by HPLC Fingerprinting

An HPLC method has been developed for the fingerprinting and quantitative analysis of cardiotonic pills. A standard fingerprint containing 11 common peaks at three wavelengths was constructed from ten batches of pills to evaluate batch-to-batch consistency. In addition, the amounts of three marker compounds were also determined to evaluate the quality of the quantitative analysis. Chromatographic fingerprints at three wavelengths, along with the content of three marker compounds were found to be suitable for quality assessment. Fufang Danshen Pian (cardiotonic tablets), a traditional dosage form is produced from three kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris and coronary heart disease. Fufang Danshen Pian mainly contained an additional group of liposoluble components besides salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge while cardiotonic pills only contained water-soluble components. Therefore, the fingerprint accompanied with marker compounds can be used to assess the quality of the cardiotonic pills.     

Large-scale separation of salvianolic acid B from the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza by pH-zone-refining countercurrent chromatography

pH-Zone-refining countercurrent chromatography was successfully applied to the separation of salvianolic acid B from the Chinese medicinal plant, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, using a multilayer coil planet centrifuge. A 2.0 g quantity of sample was separated using the following two-phase solvent system: methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE)-water, 10 mM TFA in organic stationary phase and 10 mM ammonia in aqueous mobile phase. The obtained fractions were analyzed by HPLC and ESI-MS. The separation yielded 572 mg of the main component of salvianolic acid B with a purity of 94.1%.