Aldehyde oxidase assay by capillary electrophoresis: From off‐line,online up to immobilized enzyme reactor

Capillary electrophoresis is a modern separation technique characterized by many benefits, which qualify it also for enzyme assays and the study of enzyme kinetics during drug development. Homogeneous or heterogeneous approaches can be followed for the enzymatic incubation. In this study, an immobilization procedure of aldehyde oxidase on magnetic particles was developed considering their integration with capillary electrophoresis. A number of magnetic nano/microparticle types were tested for this purpose, showing that aldehyde oxidase was most active when immobilized on bare silica magnetic nanoparticles. Primarily, the reusability of the enzyme immobilized on bare silica nanoparticles was tested. Three consecutive incubations with substrate could be performed, but the activity considerably dropped after the first incubation. One reason could be an enzyme detachment from the nanoparticles, but no release was detected neither at 4°C nor at 37°C during 5 h. The drop in enzymatic activity observed in consecutive incubations, could also be due to inactivation of the enzyme over time at given temperature. For the immobilized enzyme stored at 4°C, the activity decreased to 83% after 5 h, in contrast with a steep decrease at 37°C to 37%.     

尿素酶固载于纳米二氧化钛多孔膜上的尿素生物传感器

在钛丝基体上沉积一层纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)多孔膜,然后直接将尿素酶吸附在TiO2膜上。基于TiO2膜的pH响应,发展了一种廉价的、易于微型化的pH敏尿素酶传感器。采用石英微天平、红外光谱和紫外可见光谱等手段研究尿素酶在TiO2膜上的物理固载行为。由于纳米TiO2在紫外光下光自洁特性可获得高度洁净的表面,石英微天平研究表明在光自洁后的TiO2膜上尿素酶的吸附具有很好的重复性和稳定性,吸附量为0.22mmol/g,吸附平衡常数k为3.15×105L/mol。采用电位法测定了尿素酶/TiO2复合膜电极的性能及其影响因素,在1.0 mmol/L pH 7~8 PBS,35℃,尿素的响应范围为8.5×10-5~1.5×10-1mol/L,相关系数r为0.993 7,检出限为6×10-5mol/L。     

Production and Digestibility Studies of β-Galactosyl Xylitol Derivatives Using Heterogeneous Catalysts of LacA β-Galactosidase from Lactobacillus Plantarum WCFS1

The synthesis of β-galactosyl xylitol derivatives using immobilized LacA β-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 is presented. These compounds have the potential to replace traditional sugars by their properties as sweetener and taking the advantages of a low digestibility. The enzyme was immobilized on different supports, obtaining immobilized preparations with different activity and stability. The immobilization on agarose-IDA-Zn-CHO in the presence of galactose allowed for the conserving of 78% of the offered activity. This preparation was 3.8 times more stable than soluble. Since the enzyme has polyhistidine tags, this support allowed the immobilization, purification and stabilization in one step. The immobilized preparation was used in synthesis obtaining two main products and a total of around 68 g/L of β-galactosyl xylitol derivatives and improving the synthesis/hydrolysis ratio by around 30% compared to that of the soluble enzyme. The catalyst was recycled 10 times, preserving an activity higher than 50%. The in vitro intestinal digestibility of the main β-galactosyl xylitol derivatives was lower than that of lactose, being around 6 and 15% for the galacto-xylitol derivatives compared to 55% of lactose after 120 min of digestion. The optimal amount immobilized constitutes a very useful tool to synthetize β-galactosyl xylitol derivatives since it can be used as a catalyst with high yield and being recycled for at least 10 more cycles.     

Synthesis and characterization of cationic amino functionalized polystyrene latexes

Amino-functionalized latex particles were obtained batchwise by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and vinylbenzylamine hydrochloride (VBAH) in the presence of 2-2-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) HCl (V50). Size monodispersity of the particles was improved by using divinylbenzene (DVB) as a third monomer at a 2% molar ratio. Surface amino group titration was performed spectrometrically with N-succinimidyl 3-(2 pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP). The yields of functional monomer incorporation were up to 85%.     

功能碳黑修饰的丝网印刷碳糊电极葡萄糖生物传感器的特性与机理

从碳黑表面引发苯乙烯磺酸钠的原子转移自由基聚合制备了聚(苯乙烯磺酸钠)改性碳黑(CB-g-PSS),并分别以掺杂和沉积两种不同方式修饰电极的生物敏感膜,再在生物敏感膜上吸附固定葡萄糖氧化酶,制作了两种葡萄糖氧化酶传感器,得到了不同的效果.实验结果表明,将CB-g-PSS与成膜材料掺杂制作的生物传感器与无修饰传感器相比,响应灵敏度下降了1/3;将CB-g-PSS沉积修饰丝网印刷碳糊电极制作的传感器与无修饰传感器相比,响应灵敏度提高了2倍,且对1.1～33.3 mmoL/L的葡萄糖待测样本,RSD均＜7%,稳定性良好,有较高的应用价值.通过实验分析了CB-g-PSS以不同方式修饰电极的工作机理,结果表明,选择正确的修饰方式,能够发挥CB-g-PSS的导电效应及纳米效应,使其有利于酶的固定,提高响应灵敏度并改善酶促反应动力学特性.     

二氧化硅纳米与微米颗粒作为固定化酶载体的生物效应

分别将二氧化硅纳米颗粒(SiNPs)与微米颗粒(SiMPs)作为固定化载体, 选择多聚酶牛肝过氧化氢酶(CAT)和单体酶辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)作为酶模型, 通过考察酶固定化后在酶活回收率、热稳定性、 酶促反应最适温度以及酶在水-有机溶剂混合体系中催化能力的变化, 对载体与酶所产生的生物效应差异进行了系统研究. 酶活回收率结果表明, SiNPs显示出比SiMPs优越的对酶无选择性的高生物亲和性, 而SiMPs则能使固定于其上的酶热稳定性大幅度提高, 且二者都能使固定化酶在有机相中的稳定性得到明显增强. 但酶促反应最适温度的变化结果表明, 对不同类型的酶所产生的生物效应则表现出无规律性.     

单链脱氧核糖核酸在石墨电极表面固定化的研究

用５％（Ｖ／Ｖ）３－氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷（ＰｒＮＨ２硅烷Ⅱ）在石墨电极表面硅烷化以导入氨基（－ＮＨ２）,然后用乙基－（３－二甲基丙基）碳二亚胺盐要卤）ＥＤＣ）关活化剂,将单链ＤＮＡ（共价固定在石墨电极表面。采用显微分光光度法、红外光谱法和电化学方法对电极表面的ｓｓＤＮＡ层进行了表征,并用紫外－可见光谱法对电极表面固定化ｓｓＤＮＡ的杂交特性进行了研究。结果表明,ｓｓＤＮＡ可以比较均匀地固定在石墨电极     

Biocatalytic process intensification via efficient biocatalyst immobilization,miniaturization, and process integration

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纳米羟基磷灰石纳米管的一种简便制备方法及其对溶液中重金属离子的吸附

采用简便的方法合成了20~40 nm长、56 m^2·g^-1的比表面积的羟基磷灰石纳米管(HAP)。然后用制备的HAP纳米管在水溶液中同时吸附Pb^2+、Cd^2+、Cu^2+、Co^2+、Ni^2+、Zn^2+和Hg^2+,其具有高的吸附能力,并能实现快速去除。此外,制备的HAP纳米管对7种重金属离子的脱附率均小于1%,表现出较强的稳定性。实验数据采用Langmuir等温线模型和Freundlich等温线模型进行分析。2个方程的应用结果表明,吸附平衡最适合Langmuir模型,单层饱和吸附能力为958.28 mg·g^-1,具有较好的吸附性能。通过能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)图进一步研究了吸附机理,结果表明,当溶液中Pb^2+离子数量足够时,吸附机理为Pb取代了HAP中的Ca,形成了更稳定的Pb5(PO4)3(OH)。上述实验研究预测了利用HAP纳米管处理含铅废水在环境污染治理中的可行性。     

在CPS微球表面固载氨基酚型双齿席夫碱氧钒(Ⅳ)配合物及其催化氧化性能

使乙醛酸(GA)与氯甲基化交联聚苯乙烯(CMCPS)微球发生酯化反应,将醛基(AG)引入交联聚苯乙烯(CPS)微球表面,得到改性微球CPS-AG;再以间氨基苯酚(MAP)为试剂,使微球CPS-AG表面的AG发生席夫碱反应,制得了表面键合有氨基酚型双齿席夫碱配基的功能微球CPS-AGAP;最后,使微球CPS-AGAP与硫酸氧钒发生配位螯合反应,获得了表面固载有氨基酚型双齿席夫碱氧钒(Ⅳ)配合物的固体催化剂微球CPS-[VO(AGAP)2]。重点考察了主要因素对GA与CMCPS微球的酯化反应的影响。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、固体紫外(UV)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对催化剂微球进行了充分表征。分别将微球CPS-[VO(AGAP)2]用于环己醇和乙苯的分子氧氧化过程,考察其催化活性。实验结果表明,溶剂的极性有利于GA与CMCPS微球之间的酯化反应,极性较强的N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为适宜的反应溶剂,90℃为适宜的反应温度。在适宜的反应条件下,CMCPS微球的氯甲基转化率可以达到82%。在分子氧氧化环己醇和乙苯的过程中,非均相催化剂CPS-[VO(AGAP)2]微球均表现出良好的催化活性。