RRF rings which are not LRF

Define a ringA to be RRF (respectively LRF) if every right (respectively left)A-module is residually finite. We determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for a formal triangular matrix ring to be RRF (respectively LRF). Using this we give examples of RRF rings which are not LRF.     

Effect of Ce2(SO4)3 on structure and properties of Ni-Co/Al2O3 composite coating deposited by pulse reverse current method

Composite coating of Ni-Co/Al₂O₃ was deposited in Ce₂(SO₄)₃ containing electrolyte by pulse reverse current (PRC) method. The effect of Ce₂(SO₄)₃ in electrolyte on morphology, microstructure, composition, micro-hardness and residual macrostress of composite coating was investigated. The results indicates that with addition of Ce₂(SO₄)₃ in electrolyte, the composite coating becomes uniform, compact and possesses finer grains, the composite content of Al₂O₃ is enhanced, the micro-hardness of composite coating is improved, while the residual macrostress is decreased.     

Combined implementing the hole-drilling method and reflection hologram interferometry for residual stresses determination in cylindrical shells and tubes

Main features inherent in simplified approach to residual stresses determination in cylindrical shells and tubes, external diameter of which is not less than 60 mm, by combing the hole-drilling method and reflection hologram interferometry are discussed in detail. Initial experimental information in a form of hole diameter increments in principal stress directions is derived from high-quality reflection holograms recorded near cylindrical objects of intermediate curvature value. Converting measured parameters into required stress values is based on the transition model that corresponds to plane stress conditions of pure membrane type. The technique developed is capable of determining residual stress component values within 5% accuracy in an absence of stress gradients over the probe hole diameter when a type of residual stress field corresponds to the transition model adopted. The accuracy analysis involved is based on matrix formulation of conventionally direct problem and an assumption on a pure membrane character of residual stress field under study for thin-walled shell. Required error estimations in a case of inspecting thick-walled cylindrical tube are obtained by combining the above-mentioned approach and an analogy of reconstructed fringe patterns with actual and artificial interferograms, which follow from drilling blind hole of the same geometrical parameters in thick-walled plates. Experimental verification of the developed approach is founded upon a determination of actual stresses in thin-walled cylindrical shell and obtaining residual stress distributions at the proximity of welded joint in thick-walled cylindrical tube.     

Convergence Results of the ERM Method for Nonlinear Stochastic Variational Inequality Problems

This paper considers the expected residual minimization (ERM) method proposed by Luo and Lin (J. Optim. Theory Appl. 140:103–116, 2009) for a class of stochastic variational inequality problems. Different from the work mentioned above, the function involved is assumed to be nonlinear in this paper. We first consider a quasi-Monte Carlo method for the case where the underlying sample space is compact and show that the ERM method is convergent under very mild conditions. Then, we suggest a compact approximation approach for the case where the sample space is noncompact. This work was supported in part by Project 10771025 supported by NSFC and SRFDP 20070141063 of China.     

Porosity, mechanical properties, residual stresses of supersonic plasma-sprayed Ni-based alloy coatings prepared at different powder feed rates

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of powder feed rate (PFR) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the supersonic plasma-sprayed Ni-Cr-B-Si-C coatings. The microstructure, porosity and mechanical properties of the coatings and the residual stresses at the coating surfaces were experimentally determined. Results showed that the variations of porosity, elastic moduli and micro-hardness of the coatings followed Weibull distribution. From the statistical trend, the porosity of the coating increased with increasing PFR. However, the elastic modulus and the micro-hardness of the coating decreased and reached local minima and then increased with increasing PFR. Elastic modulus could be generally considered to be an increasing function of micro-hardness. The mean value of the elastic modulus of the coating calculated from Weibull plot was almost proportional to the square root of the mean value of the micro-hardness of the coating. Moreover, with increasing PFR, the residual stress at the coating surface, which was mainly governed by the elastic modulus of the coating, decreased to a local minimum and then increased.     

The influence of a transverse magnetic field on a subnormal glow discharge in air

In subnormal glow discharge under d.c. excitation at different pressure in a varying transverse magnetic field (0 to 30 G) some measurements have been carried out for various initial average tube currents. The voltage across the discharge increases and average tube current and residual current decreases in the magnetic field. With the help of Beckman’s expression [4] for the axial field and the electron density distribution in a transverse magnetic field the observed variation of current and voltage can be satisfactorily explained. The variation of axial electric field with transverse magnetic field can be represented to a fair degree of accuracy by the derived equation. The behaviour of residual current with magnetic field has been observed in these oscillations.     

A 3D model of the cyclic thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloys

The model in the first part of this paper is extended to account for SMA behavior under cyclic loading. To this end, three new state variables are introduced: internal stress B, residual strain ?_r and cumulated martensite volume fraction z_e. Several parameters of the extended model depend on z_e, making them evolve with cyclic phase change. Cyclic SMA effects including training and two-way shape memory are accounted for and several numerical simulations are provided and validated in the case of cyclic superelasticity.     

Residual stress analysis near a cold expanded hole in a textured alclad sheet using X-ray diffraction

In this paper we present the methods of determination and the stress obtained at the periphery of a cold expanded hole in a 2024-T3 Alclad aluminum alloy sheet. The measurements in the aluminum clad were performed by the sin²Ψ method, taking experimental precautions to deal with the texture effects. In the core aluminum a special method had to be implemented to determine the stress values in a direction not accessible to the X-ray diffraction. The strains were measured in sample orientations selected according to the texture characteristics and stress factorsF _ij were used to calculate the stress tensor. TheF _ij values were determined assuming a quasi-isotropic material behavior, after concluding that the stress results were not significantly affected by factors calculated for textured material. The residual stress profile, both in the clad and in the sheet, shows a nearly axisymmetric stress state. Compressive stresses were observed near the periphery of the hole, with values that are higher on the exit than on the entrance face. Residual stresses were also higher in the hoop direction than in the radial direction. They decreased with the radial distance to the hole and affected the previous stress state over a distance of 6 mm. The plastic deformation induced by the cold expansion is well evidenced by the FWHM values, which in the affected zone decrease with increasing distance from the hole edge.     

夹层全息干涉法的残余应力测试

本文用夹层全息干涉法做了模拟残余应力的标定实验,测试了焊缝、铸件的残余应力,并且利用数值方法进行了定量分析,实验结果与理论值比较吻合。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定食品包装材料中残留有机溶剂

提出了一种以固相微萃取与气相色谱-氢火焰联用技术为基础的测定食品包装材料中15种常用有机溶剂(苯类、醇类、酮类、酯类等)的方法。选择聚二甲亚砜作为固相微萃取的萃取相,采用DB-624毛细管色谱柱进行分离。在优化的试验条件下,15种有机残留溶剂在20min内能很好地分离,15种溶剂的测定下限(10S/N)为0.08～0.69μg.dm-2。加标回收率为60.0%～115.0%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为2.17%～8.34%。