Analytical Results of a Two-Species Predator-Prey Model

We propose a sequential monomer reaction model for a two-species predator-prey system, in which the aggregates of either species can spontaneously produce or lose one monomer and meanwhile, a type-B aggregate can prey upon one monomer of a type-A aggregate when they meet. Using the mean-field rate equation approach, we analytically investigate the kinetic behavior of the system. The results show that the evolution of the system depends crucially on the details of the rate kernels. The aggregate size distribution of either species approaches the conventional or modified scaling form in most cases. Moreover, the total size of either species grows exponentially with time in some cases and asymptotically retains a constant quantity in other cases, while it decays with time and vanishes finally in the rest cases.     

Recent progress in tumor photodynamic immunotherapy

Photodynamic therapy(PDT) is a promising alternative approach for effective cancer treatment,which can directly destroy local tumor cells due to the generation of cytotoxic singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species(ROS) in the tumor cells.Intriguingly,PDT-mediated cell death is also associated with anti-tumor immune response.Howeve r,immunosuppre s sion of tumor microe nvironment is able to limit the immune response induced by PDT,it is therefore necessary to combine with immunocheckpoint inhib...     

Trans-limonene dioxide,a promising bio-based epoxy monomer

Vast quantities of the natural terpene (R)-limonene can be collected from food waste. Epoxidation of its two double bonds provides limonene dioxide (LDO), a difunctional epoxy monomer. However, LDO is a mixture of four isomers, two of which (trans-LDO) are actually difunctional while the others (cis-LDO) have one epoxide group which is significantly less reactive, as revealed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic analysis of formulations cross-linked with polyethylene imine. These results are also confirmed when preparing epoxy formulations using respectively cis or trans isomers. From DFT calculations, the reactivity of each epoxide group of LDO has been assessed in model reactions with primary and secondary amines, in the presence of amine or alcohol hydrogen-bond donors. The kinetics of cross-linking has also been probed by differential scanning calorimetry. As measured by dynamic mechanical analysis, the resulting epoxy resins based on trans isomers have a storage modulus of ca 1GPa at room temperature and a glass transition temperature (T_g) of 70°C. These results demonstrate that trans LDO is a promising bio-based epoxy monomer, which could be used as an alternative to petroleum-based epoxy monomers.     

Normally transparent smart window with haze enhancement via inhomogeneous alignment surface

Smart windows which switch between transparent and scattering states can be used not only as privacy window in buildings and cars, but also as information displays, and motorcycle helmet visors. Here, we have proposed a reverse mode polymer-stabilised liquid crystals (PSLCs) smart window based on inhomogeneous alignment surface, which greatly enhances the haze by 42% when compared to device without inhomogeneity treatment. A 100-cm² window that switches between the power-off clear state (~4% haze) and a power-on scattering state (64% haze at 15 V) in less than 3.5 ms is demonstrated. Since no high-temperature treatment (< 80°C) is involved in device fabrication, further development on plastic films is feasible.     

Photoinduced step-growth polymerization of thieno[3,4-b] thiophene derivatives. The substitution effect on the reactivity and electrochemical properties

We herein report photoinduced step-growth polymerization of highly conjugated 2,5-dithiophenyl (thieno[3,4-b] thiophene) (TTs) derivatives possessing 4-cyanophenyl or 4-methoxyphenyl or 3-(4-fluorophenyl) groups substituted at the terminal position. Upon irradiation at 350 nm, the excited state of these molecules forms exciplex with diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPI) that undergoes electron transfer reaction forming radical cations. Successive proton release and radical coupling reactions yield corresponding oligothienothiophenes with overall yields varying between 19–74%. Structural and molecular weight characteristics of the oligomers thus formed were investigated by Ultraviolet, fluorescence, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and infrared (IR) spectroscopic methods, and GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography), respectively. The effect of substitution and dithiophene side groups on the reactivity of the monomer and band gap of the oligomers formed was evaluated by using cyclic voltammetry.     

Skewered reactions in free‐radical crosslinking (co)polymerizations of liquid polybutadiene as internal olefinic multivinyl crosslinker

As an extension of our continuing studies concerned with the mechanistic discussion of network formation in the free‐radical crosslinking (co)polymerization of multivinyl monomers, this work refers to the skewered reactions in the crosslinking (co)polymerizations of liquid polybutadiene rubber (LBR) as an internal olefinic multivinyl monomer or crosslinker, especially focused on the competitive occurrence of both addition or skewered reaction to internal carbon–carbon (CC) double bonds and abstraction reaction of allylic hydrogens in LBR by growing polymer radical. Thus, LBR is regarded as an internal olefinic multiallyl monomer‐linked allyl groups (? CH?CH? CH₂? ) with methylene units (? CH₂? ). First, gelation in the polymerization of LBR was explored in detail, especially at elevated temperatures. The occurrence of intermolecular crosslinking was easier in the order LBR > LBR containing 20 mol % of 1,2‐structural units > liquid polyisoprene rubber. Then, we pursued the polymerization of LBR using dicumyl peroxide (DCPO) as typical organic peroxide used at elevated temperatures. The primary cumyloxy radical generated by the thermal decomposition of DCPO may add to CC double bond or abstract allylic hydrogen or undergo β‐scission to generate a secondary methyl radical. The initiation by the cumyloxy radical was omitted. The ratio of allylic hydrogen abstraction to β‐scission reaction was estimated; thus, only 39% of cumyloxy radical was used for the allylic hydrogen abstraction reaction. The addition of methyl radical to CC double bond was clearly observed. Finally, we pursued the intermolecular and intramolecular skewered reactions in free‐radical crosslinking LBR/vinyl pivalate copolymerizations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

丙烯酰胺与季铵类阳离子单体双水相共聚的二次相分离

以(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基)三甲基氯化铵(DMC)为例,用分光光度法研究了丙烯酰胺(AM)与季铵类阳离子单体在聚乙二醇(PEG)水溶液中双水相共聚的二次相分离.提出了二次相分离的机理,认为是阳离子单体单元的电离使得聚合物带上了正电荷,大分子间的静电排斥作用增加了其在PEG相中的溶解性(增容作用).讨论了反应条件对体系二次相分离的影响,发现二次相分离在一定的单体浓度和PEG浓度、以及适当的单体比例和PEG分子量条件下才能发生.总单体用量或PEG用量增加,第二次分相先出现后消失;PEG分子量增大,第二次分相逐渐明显;反应温度升高,两次分相更快完成.DMC摩尔分率为0.25～0.60时,第一次分相的临界转化率很小,第二次分相的临界转化率则随DMC摩尔分率的增加而增大;DMC摩尔分率超过0.60后,聚合反应主要在过渡区完成,第二次分相难以发生.     

交联剂含量对憎水改性缔合型增稠剂性能的影响

以甲基丙烯酸、丙烯酸乙酯和功能单体二十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚甲基丙烯酸酯为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,变化交联剂邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯(DAP)的量,采用半连续乳液聚合方法合成了DAP含量不同的憎水改性缔合型增稠剂乳液.测定了乳液的黏度和乳胶粒粒径及其分布等性能.考察了乳液运动黏度和透光率随pH的变化.随着pH值的增加,乳液的透光率...     

Solar active nano-TiO2 for mineralization of Reactive Red 120 and Trypan Blue: 1st Nano Update

Nano-TiO₂ was synthesized by sol–gel method. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, transmission electron microscope (TEM), BET surface area measurement and DRS analysis. The formation of anatase phase nano-TiO₂ was confirmed by XRD measurements and its crystalline size is found to be 15.2 nm. SEM images depict the crystalline nature of prepared TiO₂. The BET surface area of prepared TiO₂ is found to be 86.5 m² g^?1 which is higher than that of commercially available TiO₂–P25. The photocatalytic activity of prepared anatase phase TiO₂ has been tested for the degradation of two azo dyes: Reactive Red 120 (RR 120) and Trypan Blue (TB) using solar light. The photocatalytic activity of nano-TiO₂ is higher than TiO₂–P25 under solar light. The mineralization of dyes has been confirmed by chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements.