基于UV-Vis检测养殖水体中化学需氧量含量研究

采用紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)与极限学习机算法检测水体化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)含量研究。采集135份水样进行紫外可见波段全光谱扫描,结合变量标准化(standard normal variate,SNV),多元散射校正(MSC)和一阶微分(1st D)对原始数据进行预处理,然后采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)、随机青蛙(Random frog)算法和遗传算法进行特征波长选择。基于全光谱建立了偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares,PLS)和基于特征波长建立了极限学习机算法(extreme learning machine,ELM)模型。结果表明：使用CARS提取的9个特征波长建立的ELM模型的预测效果最优,决定系数R2为0.82,预测均方根误差RMSEP为 14.48 mg·L-1,RPD值为2.34。说明使用CARS变量选择算法获取UV-Vis光谱特征波长,应用极限学习机建模,可以准确、快速的检测养殖水体中COD含量,为实现养殖水体COD的动态快速检测以及水体其他微量物质含量参数检测打下基础。     

基于Fisher判别分析与随机森林的马尾松毛虫害检测

虫害检测算法的构建是耦合“地-天”特征的过程,是实现其遥感监测的重要保障。以福建省三明市、将乐县、沙县、南平市延平区等4个县(区、市)为试验区,收集182组马尾松毛虫害样本数据,随机划分为训练集与验证集,设置5次重复试验及1次指标筛除试验。结合马尾松毛虫危害下的寄主表征,获取松林叶面积指数LAI、叶面积指数标准误SEL、归一化差值植被指数NDVI、缨帽变换湿度轴WET及影像绿光波段B₂、红光波段B₃、近红外波段B₄等7个地面与遥感特征指标,建立其危害等级的Fisher判别分析与随机森林模型,从检测精度、Kappa系数、ROC曲线等角度综合比较两种算法的检测效果,并给予配对t检验。结果表明：7个指标均具备虫害响应能力,SEL和NDVI相对较弱;Fisher判别分析6次试验的虫害平均检测精度为73.26%,Kappa系数为0.631 9,而RF法则分别为79.30%,0.715 1,显著优于前者(p＜0.05);RF法对无危害、轻度危害、中度危害3个虫害等级的检测精度、Kappa系数、AUC均显著高于Fisher判别分析(p＜0.05),对于重度危害等级,Fisher判别分析则占优。总体而言,RF法对马尾松毛虫害的检测效果优于Fisher判别分析,但Fisher判别分析对重度危害等级有更高准确性且模型明确、易于推广,可综合应用两种算法开展虫害监测工作。该成果为马尾松毛虫害及其他森林病虫害的有效检测提供技术参考,奠定其遥感监测的基础。     

Random telegraph noise in carbon nanotubes and peapods

The switching of resistance between two discrete values, known as random telegraph noise (RTN), was observed in individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and C₆₀-filled SWNTs (the so-called peapods). The RTN has been studied as a function of bias-voltage and gate-voltage as well as temperature. By analyzing the features of the RTN, we identify three different types of RTN existing in the SWNT related systems. While the RTN can be generated by the various charge traps in the vicinity of the SWNTs, the RTN for metallic SWNTs is mainly due to reversible defect motions between two metastable states, activated by inelastic scattering with ballistic electrons. On the other hand, the noise for peapods can be attributed to the motion of C₆₀ molecules in hollow space of SWNTs.     

Pervasive randomness in physics: an introduction to its modelling and spectral characterisation

An introduction to the modelling and spectral characterisation of random phenomena is detailed at a level consistent with a first exposure to the subject at an undergraduate level. A signal framework for defining a random process is provided and this underpins an introduction to common random processes including the Poisson point process, the random walk, the random telegraph signal, shot noise, information signalling random processes, jittered pulse trains, birth–death random processes and Markov chains. An introduction to the spectral characterisation of signals and random processes, via either an energy spectral density or a power spectral density, is detailed. The important case of defining a white noise random process concludes the paper.     

A highly clustered scale-free network evolved by random walking

In present paper, we propose a highly clustered weighted network model that incorporates the addition of a new node with some links, new links between existing nodes and the edge's weight dynamical evolution based on weight-dependent walks at each time step. The analytical approach and numerical simulation show that the system grows into a weighted network with the power-law distributions of strength, weight and degree. The weight-dependent walk length l will not influence the strength distribution, but the clustering coefficient of the network is sensitive to l. Particularly, the clustering coefficient is especially high and almost independent of the network size when l=2.     

Unified Solution of the Expected Maximum of a Discrete Time Random Walk and the Discrete Flux to a Spherical Trap

Two random-walk related problems which have been studied independently in the past, the expected maximum of a random walker in one dimension and the flux to a spherical trap of particles undergoing discrete jumps in three dimensions, are shown to be closely related to each other and are studied using a unified approach as a solution to a Wiener-Hopf problem. For the flux problem, this work shows that a constant c = 0.29795219 which appeared in the context of the boundary extrapolation length, and was previously found only numerically, can be derived analytically. The same constant enters in higher-order corrections to the expected-maximum asymptotics. As a byproduct, we also prove a new universal result in the context of the flux problem which is an analogue of the Sparre Andersen theorem proved in the context of the random walker's maximum.     

结合区域提取和改进卷积神经网络的水下小目标检测

针对水下小目标信息量有限而难以提取有效特征导致的检测性能不佳问题,提出了一种结合区域提取和融合Hu矩特征的改进卷积神经网络水下小目标检测方法。该方法包含区域提取和分类两个步骤。首先以马尔可夫随机场分割算法为基础进行区域提取,对潜在目标定位的同时降低伪目标对后续分类的干扰;然后提取潜在目标区域的Hu矩特征并融入卷积神经网络,形成一种形状特征表征能力更强的改进卷积神经网络用于分类。声呐实测数据处理结果表明,该方法可以有效提升对水下小目标的发现概率和正确报警率,与其他目标检测方法相比,该方法具有更好的检测性能和泛化性。     

A New Approach for Controlling Mesoporosity in Activated Carbon by the Consecutive Process of Air Oxidation,Thermal Destruction of Surface Functional Groups,and Carbon Activation (the OTA Method)

A new and simple method, based entirely on a physical approach, was proposed to produce activated carbon from longan fruit seed with controlled mesoporosity. This method, referred to as the OTA, consisted of three consecutive steps of (1) air oxidation of initial microporous activated carbon of about 30% char burn-off to introduce oxygen surface functional groups, (2) the thermal destruction of the functional groups by heating the oxidized carbon in a nitrogen atmosphere at a high temperature to increase the surface reactivity due to increased surface defects by bond disruption, and (3) the final reactivation of the resulting carbon in carbon dioxide. The formation of mesopores was achieved through the enlargement of the original micropores after heat treatment via the CO₂ gasification, and at the same time new micropores were also produced, resulting in a larger increase in the percentage of mesopore volume and the total specific surface area, in comparison with the production of activated carbon by the conventional two-step activation method using the same activation time and temperature. For the activation temperatures of 850 and 900 °C and the activation time of up to 240 min, it was found that the porous properties of activated carbon increased with the increase in activation time and temperature for both preparation methods. A maximum volume of mesopores of 0.474 cm³/g, which accounts for 44.1% of the total pore volume, and a maximum BET surface area of 1773 m²/g was achieved using three cycles of the OTA method at the activation temperature of 850 °C and 60 min activation time for each preparation cycle. The two-step activation method yielded activated carbon with a maximum mesopore volume of 0.270 cm³/g (33.0% of total pore volume) and surface area of 1499 m²/g when the activation temperature of 900 °C and a comparable activation time of 240 min were employed. Production of activated carbon by the OTA method is superior to the two-step activation method for better and more precise control of mesopore development.     

The Impact of Foaming Effect on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Foam Glasses with Molecular-Level Insights

Foaming effect strongly impacts the physical and mechanical properties of foam glass materials, but an understanding of its mechanism especially at the molecular level is still limited. In this study, the foaming effects of dextrin, a mixture of dextrin and carbon, and different carbon allotropes are investigated with respect to surface morphology as well as physical and mechanical properties, in which 1 wt.% carbon black is identified as an optimal choice for a well-balanced material property. More importantly, the different foaming effects are elucidated by all-atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with molecular-level insights into the structure–property relationships. The results show that smaller pores and more uniform pore structure benefit the mechanical properties of the foam glass samples. The foam glass samples show excellent chemical and thermal stability with 1 wt.% carbon as the foaming agent. Furthermore, the foaming effects of CaSO₄ and Na₂HPO₄ are investigated, which both create more uniform pore structures. This work may inspire more systematic approaches to control foaming effect for customized engineering needs by establishing molecular-level structure–property–process relationships, thereby, leading to efficient production of foam glass materials with desired foaming effects.