Effective 2,6-substitution of piperidine nitroxyl radical by carbonyl compound

Nitroxyl radicals (nitroxides) with unpaired electron are widely used as antioxidants, contrast agents, and spin probes. Although piperidine nitroxyl radicals have many applications, these are mainly tetramethylpiperidine compounds, and only a few reports consider the substitution of N-O surround as a reaction site, such as 2,2,6,6-tetrasubstituted piperidine nitroxyl radicals. Our results revealed that the 2,6-position of the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one compound was substituted by cyclohexyl groups to produce 2,2,6,6-tetrasubstituted piperidin-4-one derivatives under mild reaction conditions. An interesting result was obtained by using ¹⁵N-labeled NH₄Cl instead of ¹⁴NH₄Cl: it gave ¹⁵N-labeled 2,2,6,6-tetrasubstituted piperidin-4-one-1-oxyls with a high ¹⁵N content. In conclusion, the new method for the synthesis of nitroxyl radicals readily yields 2,2,6,6-tetrasubstituted piperidin-4-one under mild conditions.     

Chromatographic characteristics of poly(1-vinylimidazole)-grafted silica in normal-phase HPLC

A stationary phase based on poly(1-vinylimidazole)-grafted silica has been prepared by the surface radical chain-transfer reaction. The stationary phase was characterized by infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Chromatographic characteristics of the stationary phase were investigated in normal-phase HPLC. The results showed that both weak polar compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dialkyl phthalates) and polar compounds (anilines, phenols) could be successfully separated on this stationary phase, implying better separation performance than blank silica and conventional aminopropyl-bonded silica under the same conditions. The excellent performance can be attributed to multiple interactions between surface modifier and the analytes that might include dipole, hydrogen bonding, H-π, electrostatic and inductive interactions.     

Sodium dithionite initiated addition of CF2Br2 to β-pinene and reactions of the adduct: Synthesis and the reactivity of new 1,1-difluorodienes

Sodium dithionite effectively promotes the addition of dibromodifluoromethane to the exocyclic double bond of β-pinene. The reaction proceeded in a MeCN/H₂O system to give almost quantitatively an adduct, 1-(2-bromo-2,2-difluoroethyl)-4-(2-bromoisopropyl)-cyclohexene, as the sole product. On treatment of the adduct with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine elimination of HBr only from the (CH₃)₂CHBr group occurred to give a mixture of regioisomeric dienes, while treatment with 50% KOH under phase transfer catalysis conditions or with K₂CO₃ in DMF resulted in total dehydrobromination to give trienes possessing an exocyclic CHCF₂ group. Surprisingly, the main course of the reactions of the adduct with DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undece-7-ene) and also with t-BuOK in THF was elimination of HBr only from the CH₂CF₂Br group to afford 1-(2,2-difluorovinyl)-4-(2-bromoisopropyl)cyclohexene as the main product. Catalytic hydrogenation of the adduct followed by treatment with DBU afforded a conjugated diene, 1-(2,2-difluorovinyl)-4-isopropylcyclohexene. Compounds bearing the CHCF₂ group are new 1,1-difluorodienes which readily reacted with 4-phenyl-3H-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione to give cycloadducts, derivatives of triazolo[1,2-α]cinnoline.     

有关“自动加速效应”问题的总结与讨论

自动加速效应是自由基聚合宏观动力学的重要特征,对聚合过程和聚合产物有着重要的影响;有关自动加速效应的内容也是自由基聚合动力学教学的重难点之一。为帮助学生较好地理解和掌握自动加速效应相关内容,本文结合有关高分子化学教材,对自动加速效应的实验现象、与体型缩聚凝胶化过程的区别、产生原因、结果和影响因素等问题进行了总结和讨论。     

树脂担载金催化苯胺衍生物氧化羰化制氨基甲酸甲酯

树脂类高聚物担载的各种过渡金属和贵金属催化剂在加氢、选择氧化、聚合、氢甲酰化等反应中已有应用^[1,2],金催化剂作为一种新型的催化材料正日益引起人们的重视。继无机氧化物担载金催化剂得到广泛使用后^[3-7],有机金催化下的醇醛缩合^[8]、烯烃羧化^[9]以及锡烷偶联^[10]等反应的效果亦很好。最近,我们将有机金配合物催化剂用于胺类化合物氧化羰化制取氨基甲酯的反应^ [11],结果很好。但该均相催化体系仍存在催化剂分离回收和重复使用困难等问题。我们将金担载于各种高聚物上并用于苯胺及其衍生物的氧化羰化时,发现使用大孔弱酸性阳离子交换树脂作为催化剂载体对该反应的活性很高。相对于以往广泛研究的钯、钌、铑等的各种配合物加助催化组分催化剂体系^[12-14],这一体系简单、高效、易分离,且能够重复使用。     

常压下电化学催化羰化直接合成异氰酸酯

近 2 0多年来 ,异氰酸酯的非光气合成方法一直受到人们的关注 [1] .采用 CO与硝基化合物羰化直接合成相应的异氰酸酯在理论上完全可行 [2 ] ,但由于异氰酸酯本身在所采用的高温、高压反应条件下很不稳定 ,实际产率很低 ,CO在醇存在下与硝基化合物催化还原羰化 [3 ,4 ] ,或与有机胺在氧气存在下催化氧化羰化 [5,6] 生成相应的化学性质较稳定的氨基甲酸酯 ,再将氨基甲酸酯通过高温热裂解生成异氰酸酯[7,8] .该反应在高温、高压下进行 ,条件较苛刻 ,因此探索在较温和的条件下实现直接合成异氰酸酯的途径是目前该领域中很具有挑战性的研究课题…     

硒催化法合成2-吡啶脲的研究

 采用硒催化的一氧化碳还原羰基化法,由硝基苯衍生物与2－氨基吡啶进行反应,得到的不是比例相当的三种脲类物质混合物,而主要得到非对称的吡啶脲．进一步发展了硒／一氧化碳催化体系对硝基化合物的还原羰基化法,可望用来合成一系列含取代基的苯基吡啶基脲类物质;该合成方法工艺简单,操作易行．对部分产物进行了红外光谱、核磁共振谱、高压液相色谱及元素分析等鉴定．     

吡啶甲酸锂-铑(Ⅰ)配合物催化甲醇羰基化反应

本文采用吡啶甲酸或吡啶二甲酸锂盐为配体,与铑形成顺二羰基配合物,用于催化甲醇羰基化制乙酸。研究表明,与通常的铑配合物相比,该类双金属配合物无论在催化活性或乙酸生成的选择性方面均有明显的提高。     

Photoredox mediated annelation of iododifluoromethylated alcohols with 1,1-diarylethylenes

A method for the synthesis of 3,3-difluorotetrahydrofurans from iododifluoromethylated alcohols and 1,1-diarylethylenes is described. The reaction is performed under irradiation with 400?nm light emitting diodes in the presence of a cationic iridium(III) photocatalyst, [Ir(ppy)₂(dtbbpy)]PF₆, substoichiometric amounts of triphenylphosphine and sodium trifluoroacetate as a base.     

Synthesis of poly(ether ketone amide)s containing 4‐aryl‐2,6‐ diphenylpyridine moieties by a heterogeneous palladium‐catalyzed polycondensation of aromatic diiodides,aromatic diamines,and carbon monoxide

New aromatic poly(ether ketone amide)s containing 4‐aryl‐2,6‐diphenylpyridine units were prepared by the heterogeneous palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative polymerization of aromatic diiodides with ether ketone units, aromatic diamines bearing pyridine groups, and carbon monoxide. Polymerizations were performed in N,N‐dimethyl‐ acetamide (DMAc) at 120°C in the presence of a magnetic nanoparticles‐supported bidentate phosphine palladium complex [Fe₃O₄@SiO₂‐2P‐PdCl₂] as catalyst with 1,8‐diazabicycle[5,4,0]‐7‐undecene (DBU) as base and generated poly(ether ketone amide)s with inherent viscosities up to 0.79 dL/g. All the polymers were soluble in many organic solvents. These polymers showed glass transition temperatures between 219°C and 257°C and 10% weight loss temperatures ranging from 467°C to 508°C in nitrogen. These polyamides could be cast into transparent, flexible, and strong films from DMAc solution with tensile strengths of 86.4 to 113.7 MPa, tensile moduli of 2.34 to 3.19 GPa, and elongations at break of 5.2% to 6.9%. These polymers also exhibited good optical transparency with an ultraviolet‐visible absorption cut‐off wavelength in the 371 to 384‐nm range. Importantly, the new heterogeneous palladium catalyst can easily be recovered from the reaction mixture by simply applying an external magnet and recycled at least 8 times without significant loss of activity. Our catalytic system not only avoids the use of an excess of PPh₃ and prevents the formation of palladium black, but also solves the basic problems of palladium catalyst recovery and reuse.