基于光谱响应定标的辐射测温方法

辐射测温是通过测量物体发出的辐射来反演温度,辐射测量方程中含有与空间位置相关的非光谱参数,通常需通过辐射标定予以确认。而该研究将非光谱参数归入有限项级数形式的光谱发射率中,这既不会影响多通道测温方程组的封闭性,又不会影响真温求解,从而在无需测量数据归一化的条件下,实现了无需空间位置标定的辐射测温,该方法仅需要标定仪器的绝对光谱响应或相对光谱响应,但不能解得发射率。以两个特例分别对多波长测温方法和多谱段测温方法的求解特性进行了研究。结果表明：对于任意的测量矢量,有效波长不相同的多波长测温唯一解是存在的;而多谱段测温时,存在无解区域,双解直线,甚至可能存在三解直线。     

Modification of the lunar surface by solar wind ion bombardment

Trivalent osmium ions are substitutionally incorporated into aqueous precipitates and melt-grown single crystals of AgBr and AgC1. The ions are distributed between three structurally inequivalent lattice sites in both salts. From epr studies, we have inferred that these sites are distinguished by the arrangement of charge-compensating silver ion vacancies in the two closest cation subshells. The most reasonable dopant-vacancy configurations have been deduced from the epr data. These configurations persist up to at least 300 K, and are compared with those observed in other trivalent metal ion doped systems.     

Radiation damage and annealing in Sb implanted diamond

The predicted, but as yet unobserved, intradonor absorption spectrum of the hydrogenic-like donors in CdF₂ crystals is presented. The role of phonon coupling in these spectra is discussed. From the data on the insulator-semiconductor transition in CdPbF₂ it is concluded that the dominant factor in convertibility of CdF₂ to a semiconducting state is its electron affinity, the largest among the fluorites (x≈4 eV).     

Neutron radiation damage in zirconium and its alloys

There has been much research and speculation recently on the nature of radiation induced defects in zirconium and its alloys, and in particular on the absence of voids at high fluences and temperatures in the range 0.3 to 0.5 T _m (T _m is the absolute melting temperature). Wolfenden and Farrell¹ have reviewed the evidence and suggest that α-Zr has so far resisted void formation during neutron irradiation because of: (a) the absence of a dislocation (loop or tangle) structure and/or (b) a low insoluble gas (e.g. helium) content.     

Radiation dose measurements for staff members involved in holmium-166 preclinical trial

AimNeutron-activated holmium-166 (¹⁶⁶Ho) is an excellent radionuclide for internal radiation therapy (Eβmax = 1.84 MeV) with an appropriate half-life (26.8 h), which emits photons (81 keV, 6.2%) suitable to be detected by gamma cameras. Preparing and injecting radiopharmaceuticals containing beta/gamma emitting holmium-166 implies a risk of exceeding the upper limit for skin and hand radiation equivalent doses (500 mSv/an). This study was aimed to estimate the whole body and finger exposure for staff responsible for dose preparation, dose dispensing, and dose injection of holmium-166 therapy.MethodsTo measure the finger dose from external exposure, all staff members wore TLD dosimeters. Personal dose equivalents Hp(10) were measured using electronic personal dosimeters (EPD MK2, Thermo Fischer Scientific) placed on the left side of the chest. During our study, staff members administered more than 40 ¹⁶⁶Ho-based therapies for preclinical trial. Appropriate radiation safety procedures and shielding were applied at each stage.ResultsIn this study, the whole body doses were 2.80 ± 1.56 nSv MBq⁻¹ for one ¹⁶⁶Ho-therapy preparation/formulation, and 2.68 ± 1.70 nSv MBq⁻¹ for one intravenous injection. Maximum finger doses were 2.9 ± 0.2 μSv MBq⁻¹ and 2.5 ± 0.3 μSv MBq⁻¹ for preparation and injection, respectively (activities injected: 72 ± 3 MBq).ConclusionExtrapolated annual doses from 300 ¹⁶⁶Ho radionuclide therapies were lower than the annual limit doses for skin and the whole body, 500 mSv and 20 mSv, respectively, reported in the European Directive EURATOM 96/29 when applying appropriate radiation protection standards. However, these doses have to be added to other diagnostic or therapeutic protocols, performed in preclinical facilities.     

具有时间分辨能力的强流电子束束剖面测量系统

 高能强流电子束的束参数测量是加速器研制过程中重要的一项测量工作,由于光学渡越辐射具有时间响应快、分辨率高等特点而被用于测量电子束的具有时间分辨能力的束剖面、发散角、能量等多个参数;通过电子束束参数的时间分辨测量则能够了解电子束产生、输运中的问题,非常有利于加速器的研究与调试。一种具有时间分辨能力的、利用光学渡越辐射进行高能强流电子束束斑测量的系统在中国工程物理研究院被建立起来,并在12 MeV LIA的电子束束斑的测量中用于电子束传输研究,该系统拍摄图像的间隔时间最小为10 ns,最小的曝光时间为3 ns,具有一次可以拍摄8幅图像的能力,并获得了12 MeV LIA约100 ns内相应的时间分辨的束斑变化情况,观察到了一些过去未观察到的现象,为加速器的研究提供了又一个新测试方法。     

Cure Kinetics of Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) Modified Epoxy–Amine System

The cure kinetics of epoxy based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) modified with different amounts of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) and cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) was investigated by employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The curing reaction was followed by using an isothermal approach over the temperature range 150–180°C. The amount of ABS in the blends was 3.6, 6.9, 10 and 12.9 wt%. Blending of ABS in the epoxy monomer did not change the reaction mechanism of the epoxy network formation, but the reaction rate seems to be decreased with the addition of the thermoplastic. A phenomenological kinetic model was used for kinetic analysis. Activation energies and kinetic parameters were determined by fitting the kinetic model with experimental data. Diffusion control was incorporated to describe the cure in the latter stages, predicting the cure kinetics over the whole range of conversion. The reaction rates for the epoxy blends were found to be lower than that of the neat epoxy. The reaction rates decreased when the ABS contents was increased, due to the dilution effect caused by the ABS on the epoxy/amine reaction mixture.     

辐射接枝法制备膨化聚四氟乙烯杂化膜及其抗菌性表征

通过共辐射接枝的方法,将聚丙烯酸成功接枝到膨化聚四氟乙烯薄膜上. 采用NaBH₄还原吸附在接枝链上的银离子,在膜中原位负载银纳米粒子,制备了抗菌性ePTFE杂化膜. 杂化膜的SEM、XPS、XRD和TGA表征结果表明,负载的银纳米粒子粒径为几十纳米至100 nm. 而银纳米粒子的负载量可由聚丙烯酸的接枝率控制. 细菌平板计数法测试结果证明,所制备的杂化膜具有优异的抗菌性,对大肠杆菌的抗菌率高达100%.     

Characteristic X-ray detector: In-situ imaging of radioactive contaminant distributions

The characteristic X-ray detector (CXRD), a CsI(Tl) scintillator with a 50-mm diameter, is a directional X-ray sensor that measures characteristic X-rays from radioactive material, such as ¹³⁷Cs, and identifies the direction of radioactive contamination. We evaluated a CXRD and visualized the distribution of radioactivity in the contaminated area near the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power station, where the ambient dose equivalent rate was 2.1 μSv/h at 1 m above ground level. We found a good correlation between the characteristic X-ray fluxes and the distribution of radioactive contaminants with a 0.823 Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient.     

Effect of aromatic substitution on the cure reaction and network properties of anhydride cured triphenyl ether tetraglycidyl epoxy resins

A systemic study of the impact of aromatic substitution on the reaction rate and network properties of the isomers of a tetraglycidylaniline triphenyl ether epoxy resin cured with anhydride hardeners is presented here. The epoxy resins synthesized in this work were based upon N,N,N,N‐tetraglycidyl bis(aminophenoxy)benzene (TGAPB), where the glycidyl aniline and ether groups change from being all meta (133 TGAPB), to meta and para (134 TGAPB), and finally to an all para substituted epoxy resin (144 TGAPB). Increasing para substitution increased reaction rate, promoted the onset of vitrification and increased epoxide conversion. Thermal properties such as glass transition temperatures (T_g) and coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) both increased consistently with increasing para substitution, although thermal stability as measured via thermogravimetric analysis decreased. Mechanical properties also varied systematically with flexural strength and ductility increasing with increased para substitution, while the modulus decreased. Indeed, the ductility almost doubled, as measured by the work of fracture and displacement at failure highlighting the importance of substitution on properties.