槲皮素的光谱分析

槲皮素属于黄酮醇类化合物,广泛存在于蔬菜、水果、茶和葡萄酒等很多食物中。它是一种极强的天然抗氧化剂,具有抗血栓、抗炎、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等作用。本文分析了槲皮素的UV、IR、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、MS、TG、DSC等,给槲皮素的生产、质量控制提供可靠的光谱数据。     

基于遗传算法的安溪铁观音品质快速评价研究

为探究一种快速无损的安溪铁观音品质评价方法,利用遗传算法(GA)对茶样的近红外光谱特征波长进行筛选,结合偏最小二乘(PLS),建立全谱段的PLS定量模型与GA-PLS模型。结果表明,傅里叶变换近红外(FT-NIR)全谱段光谱在经过平滑+二阶导数+归一化处理后,PLS模型预测性能最高,建模结果为：校正集相关系数R_C=0.921,校正集均方根误差RMSEC=0.543,验证集相关系数R_P=0.913,验证集均方根误差RMSEP=0.665。选用近红外光谱6 670～4 000 cm-1谱区,采用遗传算法进行特征波长筛选,参与建模数据点数从1 557缩减到408个。优选波段后,GA-PLS建模结果为：校正集相关系数R_C=0.959,校正集均方根误差RMSEC=0.413,验证集相关系数R_P=0.940,验证集均方根误差RMSEP=0.587。可见,GA-PLS模型的校正集和验证集的预测结果均优于全谱段PLS模型。结果说明,在传统的近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学方法的建模基础上,加入遗传算法进行波长筛选,能有效提高模型预测能力,实现方法学的创新研究,且GA-PLS品质评价模型具有较强的参考和推广价值,为提高我国茶叶品质的检测技术水平提供新的方法借鉴。     

ICP-AES结合SVDV技术应用于饮用水品质检测性能诊断

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)技术,通过轴向、径向、同步垂直双向(SVDV)三个视角配置,快速检测生活饮用水样本中的As,Ba,Mg和Ni等微量元素。ICP-AES光谱仪在三个检测视角均能实现快速预热,预热时间仅需2 min,而且,ICP-AES光谱的短期稳定性和长期稳定性表现良好,其相对标准偏差(RSD)均低于2%。以3份商业瓶装饮用水和2份添加标准物的饮用水为检测的对象,利用ICP-AES技术结合SVDV视角,分别从轴向和SVDV两个视角检测As,Ba,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo,Ni,V和Zn等元素,利用水微量元素含量的国家标准来验证结果的准确性,这两个视角的检测具有较高的准确度和灵敏度。检测所得结果符合国家环境保护总局发布的饮用水微量元素限制标准,并符合国际卫生组织的标准,满足人类所需饮用水标准要求。     

Analysis of the alterations in porosity features of some natural stones due to thermal effect

Three types of commercially available carbonate rocks were used in the study to determine the effect of thermal treatment in the range from 100 °C to 500 °C on porosity features in terms of two different approaches such as pore shape factor and quality index values. The ratio of the ultrasonic velocity measurements before and after water saturation was used to differentiate porosity of pores from porosity of cracks under varying temperatures. It was found that, pores in Burdur Beige and Usak White are in the form of cracks, which are situated through inner structure. On the other hand, pores in Patara Limestone are in the form of porosity with lower pore shape factor values. Quality index calculation is another approach based on the comparison of the measured and theoretical ultrasonic velocity values. When the rocks were subjected to higher temperatures, internal stress was developed, crack lengths and numbers were increased and finally the higher pore shape factor and lower quality index values were obtained. This situation was proven by the higher water absorption values for all the stone types with the higher pore shape factor and lower quality index values depend on the noticeable increase in effective porosity values.     

Multimodal approach for diagnosis of bacterial etiology in brain abscess

Background and purpose

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (PMRS) has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of pyogenic brain abscess and the categorization of bacteria. But the metabolite patterns failed to evaluate the etiology of disease when the culture results are sterile. The aim of the present study is to compare the multimodality techniques viz., conventional culture, MR spectroscopy and 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing for rapid diagnosis of etiology in brain abscess and evaluate the PMRS in culture sterile samples and also demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of these techniques.

Methods

Thirty five patients underwent MRI on a 3 T MRI and in-vivo PMRS for the diagnosis and evaluation of various resonances of metabolites such as lipid (LIP), lactate (LAC), acetate (AC), amino acid (AC), succinate (SUC). Pus was collected for identification of etiologic agents by culture and molecular method.

Results

In 35 samples, metabolite patterns were as follows: LIP/LAC/AA, n = 17, LIP/LAC/AA/SUC with or without AC, n = 17 and LIP/LAC/AA/AC, n = 1. Culture showed bacterial growth in 22 samples (18 aerobic/facultative anaerobic, 9 anaerobic) whereas molecular method was detected 26 aerobic/facultative anaerobic, 13 anaerobic, 4 microaerophilic bacteria. Among the 13 sterile samples, molecular method detected 16 microorganisms along with 3 mixed infections and PMRS recognized metabolite patterns as LIP/LAC/AA, n = 5 and LIP/LAC/AA/SUC with or without AC, n = 8. The sensitivity of in-vivo PMRS in sterile samples was 100% and 75%, and specificity was 75% and 100% for aerobic and anaerobic organisms respectively.

Conclusion

Based on metabolite resonances, PMRS can detect slow growing and fastidious organisms and classify them into aerobic and anaerobic bacteria which are difficult to culture by conventional method. It can categorize microorganisms even in culture sterile samples with rational sensitivity and specificity which may allow early choice of targeted therapy.     

Effective radiating area and beam non-uniformity ratio of ultrasound transducers at 5 MHz, according to IEC 61689:2007

This paper discloses results of measuring the effective radiating area (A_ER) and the beam non-uniformity ratio (R_BN) for US transducers at 5.0 MHz. Measurements were carried out at Laboratory of Ultrasound of the Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality. As reliability proof of system’s adequacy, uncertainties were assessed. The calculation protocol was developed based on standard IEC 61689:2007. Type A uncertainty was estimated after four repetitions of the full procedure for the determination of A_ER and R_BN, and Type B uncertainty was estimated from the mathematical model for both calculations, obtained from IEC 61689:2007 and the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. The procedure presented herein represents the state of the art regarding metrology for testing therapeutic ultrasound devices, and its application results in fundamental aspects to support their evaluation regarding quality assurance, for instance, for a certification process due safety and performance.     

Ultrasound- and microwave-assisted convective drying of carrots – Process kinetics and product’s quality analysis

The aim of these studies was to investigate the influence of airborne ultrasound-assisted convective drying and microwave-assisted convective drying, as well as their combination, on process kinetics, total color change, water activity, content of carotenoids, polyphenols and antioxidant activity of carrots (Daucus carota L.). The global model of drying kinetics based on coupled ordinary differential equations was used to describe the moisture and material temperature profiles during drying. Application of ultrasound and microwave in convective drying reduced drying time in the range of 9–81%, but the shortest drying time was observed for simultaneous action of convection, ultrasound and microwave. The results of qualitative analysis showed a product improvement due to ultrasound as compared to convective drying and microwave-convective drying. The proposed mathematical model of drying kinetics successfully simulated real drying processes. The proposed mathematical model of drying kinetics successfully simulated real hybrid drying processes.     

物理实验教学新模式的探索与实践

提出了一种新的物理实验教学模式，论述了建立实验教学模式所遵循的基本原则和基本做法，简要介绍实施新的教学模式所取得的教学成果。     

Evaluating impacts of fish stock enhancement and biodiversity conservation actions on the livelihoods of small‐scale fishers on the Beijiang River,China

Inappropriate development and overexploitation have seriously degraded aquatic resources in China. Stakeholders identified three fish stock enhancement and biodiversity conservation scenarios for the Beijiang River: S1, increased fish restocking; S2, no fishing season and habitat conservation; and S3, strict pollution control. Potential impacts of these actions on the livelihoods of fishers were evaluated using applied economic modeling. Baseline costs and benefits came from logbooks from 30 fishers and a survey of 90 households in three villages. The financial net benefit for a household was US$1583 (￥11,160) annually, representing a 142% and 387% return on capital and operating costs, respectively. Larger catches associated with S1 and S2 generated a net benefit of US$1651 and US$1822, respectively. Strict pollution control resulting in higher catches (+20%) and lower operating costs (?20%) would increase the net benefit by 15.9% to US$1835 annually. Pollution control would benefit other resource users and is a prerequisite for ecological restoration. Recommendations for Resource Managers

• Stringent pollution control measures are essential to conserve aquatic biodiversity and enhance the livelihoods of fishers but will require considerable public and private sector investment.
• Enhanced fish stocks in the Beijiang River could benefit poor livelihoods but may not be sufficient to lift households out of poverty, aged fishers require government assistance to diversify their livelihoods, access alternative urban employment, and survive with dignity.
• Adopting the economic modeling approach presented here could enable responsible authorities to simultaneously evaluate fish stock enhancement and biodiversity conservation options.
• Broader application of the approach presented here could help ensure small‐scale inland fisheries are managed sustainably and aquatic ecosystems are restored and protected by 2020, in line with Target 6 of the United Nations’ Convention on Biological Diversity Strategic Plan for Biodiversity.