Constructive struggle in geometry classrooms

The purpose of these notes is to provide examples of large-scale geometry problems that have the potential to promote constructive struggling in high-school geometry classrooms. These problems are suitable for being explored in a dynamic geometry environment. The notes also contain brief sketches of solutions to the two problems.     

基于模糊集值模糊集的近似推理

通过在单输入单输出（SISO）的近似推理方案（ARS）中,用模糊产生式规则表示知识,以模糊集值模糊集刻划模糊产生式规则中出现的模糊状态,提出了一个基于模糊集值模糊集的近似推理框架,从而使单输入单输出的近似推理方案（ARSFSISO）的推理能力得以增强。     

A Łoś type theorem for linear metric formulas

We define an ultraproduct of metric structures based on a maximal probability charge and prove a variant of ?o? theorem for linear metric formulas. We also consider iterated ultraproducts (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Comparison of tightly and loosely coupled decision paradigms in multiagent expedition

Frameworks for cooperative multiagent decision making may be divided into those where each agent is assigned a single variable (SVFs) and those where each agent carries an internal model, which can be further divided into loosely coupled frameworks (LCFs) and tightly coupled frameworks (TCFs). In TCFs, agent communication interfaces render their subuniverses conditionally independent. In LCFs, either agents do not communicate or their messages are semantically less restricted. SVFs do not address the privacy issue well. LCF agents cannot draw from collective knowledge as well as TCF agents can. However, disproportional effort has been dedicated to SVFs and LCFs, which can be attributed partially to unawareness of the computational advantages of TCFs over performance, efficiency and privacy. This work aims to provide empirical evidence of such advantages by comparing recursive modeling method from LCFs and collaborative design network from TCFs, both of which are decision-theoretic and the latter of which is based on graphical models. We apply both to a testbed, multiagent expedition, resolve technical issues encountered, and report our experimental evaluation.     

应急决策知识发现的推理方法研究

在复杂多变的应急决策环境中,如何根据已有的决策背景知识和当前发生的应急问题,进行有效的知识推理是在应急处置过程中实现知识发现的重要途径。本文基于范畴论和定型范畴论,提出了一种从联想和推演两个角度实现的知识推理方法。这种方法是通过类推定型函子(Functor)和推出(Pushout)来实现的,它将推理形式转变成一种范畴化知识结构上的计算过程。该方法能够通过有效的知识推理,从已知的决策背景知识中获得新知识,以辅助决策者进行有效的决策。     

A statistical analysis of measurement results obtained from nonlinear physical laws

Statistical properties of quantities obtained from measurements based on some fundamental physical laws are analyzed in this paper, using methods for expressing measurement uncertainty of indirectly measured quantities. Nonlinear laws are considered, with repeated measurements of input quantities providing identical readings on respective digital instruments. Under such conditions, input quantities are assigned uniform distributions. It is shown that in addition to the asymmetry arising in the probability density function (PDF) of the output quantity, its mean and nominal value also differ. Resistance obtained from Ohm’s law and power measured using three alternative forms of Joule’s law are investigated in detail. Some characteristic shapes of PDFs are obtained by a Monte Carlo method (MCM). It is demonstrated that the mean value of the measured resistance is greater than its nominal value. It is also proved that for two forms of Joule’s law the mean value of the measured power is larger than its nominal value, while the third variant of the law renders the mean and the nominal power equal. Analytical expressions for the deviations of mean from nominal values are derived. It is suggested that the presented analysis can readily be adapted to many other nonlinear physical laws.     

Quantum-like microeconomics: Statistical model of distribution of investments and production

In this paper we demonstrate that the probabilistic quantum-like (QL) behavior-the Born’s rule, interference of probabilities, violation of Bell’s inequality, representation of variables by in general noncommutative self-adjoint operators, Schrödinger’s dynamics-can be exhibited not only by processes in the micro world, but also in economics. In our approach the QL-behavior is induced not by properties of systems. Here systems (commodities) are macroscopic. They could not be superpositions of two different states. In our approach the QL-behavior of economical statistics is a consequence of the organization of the process of production as well as investments. In particular, Hamiltonian (“financial energy”) is determined by rate of return.     

基于D-S证据融合的商业信用风险评价

现代经济是信用经济，商业信用是企业赢得市场占有率。获得竞争优势的重要手段。建立信用风险管理机制，控制信用风险，是企业有效利用商业信用手段扩大市场销售的关键内容。本文尝试运用D-S证据推理方法进行商业信用标准评价，通过对客户信用类别的判别，有效控制信用不良客户所带来的信用风险。     

从证据推理视角对“离子反应”教学案例的分析及其启示*

证据推理是学生以其经验为基础、问题为起点,根据教师提供的一个或几个学习材料(已知判断),得出目标概念(新判断)的深度思维过程。通过梳理和界定证据推理的概念、证据类型、证据推理过程及核心要素,建构出实验探究教学中以“问题、解释、假设、证据、推理、结论”为要素及其之间关系的证据推理线形模型和循环模型,以此分析视角及其框架对“离子反应”教学中证据推理的过程进行了分析,并基于证据推理的6要素得出培养学生证据推理能力的启示与建议,达到证据推理过程中基本思想方法的外显,落实证据推理与模型认知的化学学科核心素养,也为今后的教学实践提供核心推理思路及教学建议。     

Block persistence

We define a block persistence probability p _l (t) as the probability that the order parameter integrated on a block of linear size l has never changed sign since the initial time in a phase-ordering process at finite temperature T<T _c . We argue that in the scaling limit of large blocks, where z is the growth exponent (), is the global (magnetization) persistence exponent and f(x) decays with the local (single spin) exponent for large x. This scaling is demonstrated at zero temperature for the diffusion equation and the large-n model, and generically it can be used to determine easily from simulations of coarsening models. We also argue that and the scaling function do not depend on temperature, leading to a definition of at finite temperature, whereas the local persistence probability decays exponentially due to thermal fluctuations. These ideas are applied to the study of persistence for conserved models. We illustrate our discussions by extensive numerical results. We also comment on the relation between this method and an alternative definition of at finite temperature recently introduced by Derrida [Phys. Rev. E 55, 3705 (1997)]. Received: 25 February 1998 / Revised: 24 July 1998 / Accepted: 27 July 1998