理化试验室仪器设备的计量管理

仪器设备计量管理的主要内容是通过不确定度、M_(cp)值计算或重复性试验判断仪器设备配备的合理性,开展仪器设备的计量检定、校验和检验,建立标志和技术档案等管理,使仪器设备始终处于正常的工作状态。     

The use of a portable total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for field investigation

A newly developed, portable total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometer was tested during a field campaign on Chilean lakes and a German river in January 2002. The field measurements were compared with laboratory measurements carried out on a stationary instrument in the German laboratory. For method validation certified reference material (NIST SRM 1640 Trace elements in natural water) and water samples from different freshwater sources were analyzed with both techniques and evaluated statistically. Based on these preliminary results, it could be concluded that the portable TXRF is a useful technique for the quantitative elemental screening of freshwater samples during field campaigns. Future tests with biological samples (e.g. biofilms and zooplankton), and suspended matter will provide information about the suitability of the portable TXRF for these materials.     

色谱峰纯度的定性方法

较系统地介绍了近年来国内外文献中有关色谱峰纯度的定性方法──仪器方法和化学计量学方法。仪器方法重点介绍了归一化比较光谱、吸收比法、光谱抑制法及导数技术。化学计量方法介绍了主成分分析法和渐近因子分析法。通过对文献方法和应用的简单介绍,比较了各种方法的特点及优缺点,总结了规律。     

我国环境中有机污染物分析方法及痕量富集技术的进展

对有机污染物分析在近年进展作了评述。其主要内容涉及试样的预处理技术（如顶空法,吹扫-捕集法,固相萃取,半透膜等技术）,各化合物的适用及有效的分析方法或仪器（如GC,HPLC及GC／MS等）以及各种技术及方法的联用技术等（引述文献37篇）。     

便携式农药残留毒性快速测试仪--水果和蔬菜农药残留动力学速测方法

研制了一种新型的化学动力学测试仪器,适用于水果和蔬菜农药残留毒性的测试。阐述了根据农药的毒理学机制所进行的仪器设计原理,了满足设计要求的关键技术和测试方法,该仪器测定速度快,试剂费用低廉,其灵敏度的敌敌畏≤０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ,甲胺磷≤１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

A method for calculating the wedge spacing of a Fizeau wavelength meter

The wedge spacing of a Fizeau wavelength meter is an important parameter in the conversion of fringe patterns into wavelengths of interfering light. In this paper, computation formulae are derived for calculating the wedge spacing of a Fizeau wavelength meter. The calculated accuracy, which is of the order of 0.1 μm, is discussed. The main advantage of this method is that it calculates an accurate value of the wedge spacing using an estimated value of the spacing and two known wavelengths.     

Compact cyclic shearing interferometer: part one

A compact cyclic shearing interferometer to be used with convergent light for testing lenses is described. It essentially consists of a combination of a prism pair and a plane mirror and is designed to eliminate the residual aberrations present in the oblique incidence interferometer. The interferometer is simple to adjust, occupies little space and is less prone to misalignment.     

用新仪器改造传统实验

本文介绍了用先进仪器改造传统实验的方法,既保留了传统实验的主体,又可以大大提高测量结果的精度。     

Realization of an optical interferometer based on holographic optics for real-time testing of phase objects

The paper describes a simple and cost effective method for the realization of an optical interferometer based on holographic optics, which use minimal bulk optical components. The optical arrangement in the proposed method involves a very simple alignment procedure and inexpensive holographic recording material is used in the formation of holographic optical elements. The proposed interferometer set-up is quite suitable for performing optical test studies on phase (transparent) objects in real-time. Recording schemes for the formation of holographic optical elements and the related technique for the realization of the interferometer set-up along with the experimental results have been presented.     

Liquid fuel microcombustor using microfabricated multiplexed electrospray sources

The use of hydrocarbons is very appealing for the realization of high energy density power sources, so long as the fuel can be stored in the liquid phase. As a result, except for the most volatile hydrocarbons, a miniaturized combustor must rely on a good design of the fuel atomizer, which should yield small, rapidly evaporating droplets to generate the fuel vapor promptly, mix it with the oxidizer and subsequently burn it with the attending heat release. To achieve this goal, we relied on the use of multiplexed electrosprays and a catalytic reactor for fuel conversion consisting of a pack of catalyst impregnated meshes (Microliths^®). Fuel dispersion was achieved by microfabricating the fuel distributor in Si using deep reactive ion etching. Tests were performed using JP-8 as the liquid fuel. Preliminary experiments in a 0.8 cm³ optically accessible combustor, enabling the measurements of droplet size and velocity, revealed that the spreading of the electrospray by Coulombic repulsion is the phenomenon controlling the volume of the mixing/evaporation chamber. Droplet evaporation occurs in the thin (Peclet number dependent) thermal layer preceding the catalytic section of the combustor. Subsequent system optimization in a fully ceramic combustor yielded a volumetric heat release rate as large as 270 MW/m³, a value that is of the same order as that of conventional gas turbines. The small overall combustor volume, at only 0.22 cm³, suggests that the large volumetric energy density was achieved despite the device large surface-to-volume ratio and attending heat losses. The fuel was fully oxidized, with CO/CO₂ ratios well under 1% over a range of equivalence ratios. Inspection of the combustor inner walls after operating continuously for 10 h, revealed no traces of deposits. The design has the potential of being scaled either up or down, depending on power needs.