Wetting at a polymer gel–vapor interface; a system not influenced by a long-range van der Waals contribution

The exterior of a cross-linked polymer gel resembles a polymer brush. Such gel including its brush can be swollen by a good solvent. The detachment of the solvent–vapor (L–V) interface from the brush is controlled by the adsorption of polymer segments onto this interface and is to a very good approximation not influenced by long-range van der Waals contributions. A wetting transition in this system coincided with the adsorption–desorption transition for chains onto such L–V interface and has various unusual features. There are several indications that in practice this system should feature a second-order wetting transition.     

一种基于激光直写的水浊度传感结构

提出并制作了一种基于激光照射改变折射率方法的光度比浊度传感单元,综合了导波光学及检测相关知识原理.以UV光敏树脂为基底材料,采用“气体干法”除胶及分步固化的方法获得了该芯片化结构.传感器整个制作过程仅仅需要7~8 min因而使本方法具有很高的效率.由直写成型的单元组建传感系统对标准悬浊液样品进行了实验测试,所得的相关数据在SISO算法神经元网络系统中进行处理,获得了传感器浊度与对应散射系数的关系曲线.通过试剂检验的方法得知实际相对误差在5%左右.     

低串扰聚合物交叉耦合串联五环谐振电光开关(英文)

利用两组串联五环谐振器以及它们与两信道波导的交叉耦合作用,优化设计并模拟了一种超低串扰2×2新型聚合物电光开关.为了表征器件的输出光功率特性,给出了器件结构、分析理论和相关公式.为了在下行端口(drop端口)得到箱型光谱响应以及极低的串扰和插入损耗,优化了微环谐振级数和耦合间距.对器件输出光功率和输出光谱的模拟分析结果显示,器件交叉和直通态间的切换电压为4V,交叉和直通态下两端口间的串扰分别为-66dB和-54.7dB,插入损耗分别为2.34dB和0.24dB.在1GHz方波信号作用下,器件drop端口的上升和下降时间分别为15ps和90ps.由于聚合物微环的弯曲半径仅为19.45μm,因此该器件具有超紧凑的尺寸,其长度和宽度仅为0.407mm,约为马赫-曾德尔干涉仪或者定向耦合器等一般结构聚合物电光开关长度的1/10.依赖于小的封装尺寸和极低的串扰,该器件可以高密度地集成在光电子芯片上,在光片上网络中光信号的控制方面具有潜在的应用.     

Band bending at the conducting polymer/indium tin oxide interfaces with and without ultraviolet treatment

In this study, the effect of ultraviolet treatment on the band bending at the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate)/indium tin oxide (PEDOT:PSS/ITO) interfaces were researched. The authors suggested that ultraviolet treatment could lead to a reduction in the band bending at the PEDOT:PSS/ITO interface, owing to the removal of carbon contamination at the ITO surfaces and a decrease in the number of the trap-states at the PEDOT:PSS/ITO interface.     

On the theory of the condensed states of heteropolymers

The collapse (globulization) of an ideal heteropolymer chain under the action of an external attractive field is considered. The problem of the collapse of different types of primary structures, including mobile, periodic, large-block, and statistical structures, is formulated. It is shown that for a random heteropolymer, the mathematical image of the globular state is the chain-length independence of the probability distribution of a random thermal distribution function of the end monomer coordinates. The free energy per monomer of a chain in a globular state and local densities of monomers of all types are shown to be a self-averaging quantities. An exactly solvable model is proposed for a globule formed by a statistical heteropolymer chain. In this model, different types of monomers are attracted to different centers by linear elastic forces with identical elastic constants. The modulus of elasticity is obtained for a heteropolymer globule with respect to the attraction of different types of monomers in different directions. It is shown that this modulus is higher for a short-periodic polymer than for a statistical one.     

A three-parameter model describing the experimental relation between shear stress and shear rate for laminar flow of aqueous polymer solutions

Summary A three-parameter model is introduced to describe the shear rate — shear stress relation for dilute aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide (Separan AP-30) or polyethylenoxide (Polyox WSR-301) in the concentration range 50 wppm – 10,000 wppm. Solutions of both polymers show for a similar rheological behaviour. This behaviour can be described by an equation having three parameters i.e. zero-shear viscosity ₀, infinite-shear viscosity , and yield stress ₀, each depending on the polymer concentration. A good agreement is found between the values calculated with this three-parameter model and the experimental results obtained with a cone-and-plate rheogoniometer and those determined with a capillary-tube rheometer.

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Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Schubspannung und Schergeschwindigkeit von strukturviskosen Flüssigkeiten wird durch ein Modell mit drei Parametern beschrieben. Mit verdünnten wäßrigen Polyacrylamid-(Separan AP-30) sowie Polyäthylenoxidlösungen (Polyox WSR-301) wird das Modell experimentell geprüft. Beide Polymerlösungen zeigen im untersuchten Schergeschwindigkeitsbereich von ein ähnliches rheologisches Verhalten. Dieses Verhalten kann mit drei konzentrationsabhängigen Größen, nämlich einer Null-Viskosität ₀, einer Grenz-Viskosität und einer Fließgrenze ₀ beschrieben werden. Die Ergebnisse von Experimenten mit einem Kegel-Platte-Rheogoniometer sowie einem Kapillarviskosimeter sind in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Werten, die mit dem Drei-Parameter-Modell berechnet worden sind.

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a Pa^–1 physical quantity defined by:a = {1 – ( / ₀)}/ ₀ - c l concentration (wppm) - D m capillary diameter - L m length of capillary tube - P Pa pressure drop - R m radius of capillary tube - u m s^–1 average velocity - v _r m s^–1 local axial velocity at a distancer from the axis of the tube - shear rate (–dv _r /dr) - local shear rate in capillary flow - s^–1 wall shear rate in capillary flow - Pa s dynamic viscosity - _a Pa s apparent viscosity defined by eq. [2] - ( _a ) Pa s apparent viscosity in capillary tube at a distanceR from the axis - ₀ Pa s zero-shear viscosity defined by eq. [4] - Pa s infinite-shear viscosity defined by eq. [5] - l ratior/R - kg m^– density - Pa shear stress - ₀ Pa yield stress - _r Pa local shear stress in capillary flow - _R Pa wall shear stress in capillary flow _R = (PR/2L) - _v m³ s^–1 volume rate of flow With 8 figures and 1 table     

The rheology of suspensions of vinylon fibers in polymer liquids. II. Suspensions in polymer solutions

Summary The rheological properties of vinylon fiber suspensions in polymer solutions were studied in steady shear flow. Shear viscosity, first normal-stress difference, yield stress, relative viscosity, and other properties were discussed. Three kinds of flexible vinylon fibers of uniform length and three kinds of polymer solutions as mediums which exhibited remarkable non-Newtonian behaviors were employed. The shear viscosity and relative viscosity ( _r ) increased with the fiber content and the aspect ratio, and depended upon the shear rate. Shear rate dependence of _r was found only in the low shear rate region. This result was different from that of vinylon fiber suspensions in Newtonian fluids. The first normal-stress difference increased at first slightly with increasing fiber content but rather decreased and showed lower values for high content suspensions than that of the medium. A yield stress could be determined by using a modified equation of Casson type. The flow properties of the fiber suspensions depended on the viscosity of the medium in the suspensions under consideration.With 16 figures and 1 table     

Decay of the remanent magnetization in the asymmetric spin chain

The dynamics of the one-dimensional spin glass with asymmetric interactions between neighboring spins is considered. We confine ourselves to discrete couplings with values ±J. We show that the algebraic decay of the remanent magnetization of the infinite ±J-spin chain at zero temperature is only valid for symmetric couplings. Our analytical investigations as well as computer simulations show stretched exponential decay for any finite concentration of antisymmetric bonds. Thus, the asymmetric ±J-spin chain shows an asymmetry-induced phase transition at zero temperature.     

Statistics of transfer matrices for disordered quantum thin metallic slabs

In the quantum transport problem of a tight-binding Anderson model, the statistics of eigenvalues for the transfer matrices of thin disordered slabs is studied. Numerical simulations indicate that the probability distribution of nearest neighbor eigenvalue spacing and the ₃ statistics have already become close to that of the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble for sample lengths of the order of the mean free path, provided that transverse localization effects are not important. An intuitive argument is given why this should occur independently of the size of the matrix. Therefore, good mixing of the channels is not essential for obtaining Gaussian orthogonal ensemble type statistics and universal conductance fluctuations.     

Properties of balanced and perfect matrices

In this paper we define wheel matrices and characterize some properties of matrices that are perfect but not balanced. A consequence of our results is that if a matrixA is perfect then we can construct a polynomial number of submatricesA _I,,A _n ofA such thatA is balanced if and only if all the submatricesA ₁,,A _n ofA are perfect. This implies that if the problem of testing perfection is polynomially solvable, then so is the problem of testing balancedness.Partial support under NSF Grants DMS-8606188, ECS-8800281 and DDM-8800281.