Determination of critical molecular weight for entangled macromolecules using the tensile strength data

The multivariable power dependence of polymer properties on molecular characteristics (Dobkowski, 1981) has been applied to molecular weight dependence of tensile strength, and the known equation of Flory (1945) has been extended taking polydispersity of polymers into account. Constant parameters of the relevant regression equations have been calculated using experimental data on tensile strength and molecular weight averagesM _n andM _w of polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC). Then, the critical molecular weight for entanglementsM _c has been obtained from the following relationship:A=K M _cwhereA and are parameters of the extended Flory equation for the tensile strength, and the constantK = 2 is assumed for linear polymers. It has been found thatM _c of injection and compression moulded PS is equal to 34000 and 37350g/mole, respectively, whileM _c of injection moulded PC equals to 5000 g/mole. The values ofM _c calculated from the polymer tensile strength are consistent with published data obtained by other methods and with the computer modeling calculations. Branched polymers have only qualitatively been discussed. Dimensionless equations have been proposed for tensile strength characteristics for polymer materials.The described procedure can be suggested as applicable to various polymers for the determination of theirM _c values. However, more experimental data on another polymer materials will be necessary to support hitherto obtained results.The essential part of a lecture presented during the NATO Advanced Study Institute Rheological Fundamentals of Polymer Processing, Alvor, Portugal, 26 September–7 October 1994     

软粘土卸载特性计算模型研究

本文从三个方面对软粘土的卸载特性进行了理论研究。采用太沙基一维固结理论，编制了内嵌固结计算的修正剑桥模型程序．对软粘土卸载强度进行了分析。推导了基于修正剑桥模型的孔压表达式并编制了相应的程序对软粘土的卸载孔压特性进行了研究，结果显示，在伸长条件下．孔压先由零逐渐发展到负的最大值．然后又逐渐减小至零。突破零位后，发展成为正孔压并最后达到正的最大值。围压越大，产生的负孔压的极值越大，最终的正孔压越小。将传统边界面模型的线弹性卸载过程改进为弹塑性．建立了软粘土的边界面广义弹塑性模型，从而使边界面模型可用于分析软粘土卸载过程中的塑性变形问题。理论分析结果与试验进行了比较验证，证明理论研究方法是可行的。     

Soil strength as affected by tillage system and wheel traffic in wheat -corn rotation in central Anatolia

This paper discusses the loading of a typical central Anatolian soil by the most commonly used corn and wheat production agricultural equipment. It further describes the effect that loading and soil conditions have on soil strength, namely compaction, and proposes techniques for minimizing undesired soil compaction. Experiments were carried out on a typical central Anatolian medium-textured imperfectly drained clay loam soil (Cambisol). Three different tillage methods and subsequently the same field operations were used for each rotation. Shear strength, penetration resistance, bulk density and moisture variations were detected in four sampling periods at each rotation. Tillage reduced the soil strength with the mouldboard plough causing the greatest loosening. However, natural processes and the vehicular traffic caused the soil to be re-compacted to about the same values as before. In any of the cases the obtained parameters did not exceed the critical values for plant growth except the penetration resistance in the 20–30 cm depth layer during corn production.     

Prediction of Quasi-Brittle Fracture of Concrete and Rock Structures Using Laboratory-Sized Specimens

A simple method is developed for predicting the fracture behaviour of struetures made of quasi-brittle materials sueh as eonerete and roek using the data from laboratory-sized speeimens. The method is based on the reeently-developed boundary effeet concept and associated asymptotic model. It is demonstrated that the ＂apparent＂ size dependence of fraeture behaviour of concrete and rock is in fact due to the influence of specimen boundaries. Various size effect phenomena that are often observed in fracture meehanies tests of eoncrete and roek are related to each other, and the asymptotie boundary effect model can explain all the observed ＂size＂ effeet phenomena. Four types of experimental results available in the literature （ineluding the data measured on （1） the speeimens of identical size with different crack-to-size （α） ratios, （2） specimens of different sizes with different a-ratios, （3） different types of specimens and （4） geometrieally similar speeimens） are used to verify the asymptotic boundary effect model, and it is found that the predictions of the model agree very well with the experimental results. Furthermore, the important fracture properties, fracture toughness KIC and strength f, of quasi-brittle materials sueh as eonerete and roek can also be calculated using the formulae provided in the model.     

Organic-coated silver nanoparticles in biological and environmental conditions: Fate,stability and toxicity

This review paper presents the overview of processes involved in transformation of organic-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in biological systems and in the aquatic environment. The coating on AgNPs greatly influences the fate, stability, and toxicity of AgNPs in aqueous solutions, biological systems, and the environment. Several organic-coated AgNP systems are discussed to understand their stability and toxicity in biological media and natural water. Examples are presented to demonstrate how a transformation of organic-coated AgNPs in an aqueous solution is affected by the type of coating, pH, kind of electrolyte (mono- or divalent), ionic strength, organic ligands (inorganic and organic), organic matter (fulvic and humic acids), redox conditions (oxic and anoxic), and light. Results of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and ecotoxicity of coated AgNPs to food chain members (plants, bacteria, and aquatic and terrestrial organisms) are reviewed. Key factors contributing to toxicity are the size, shape, surface coating, surface charge, and conditions of silver ion release. AgNPs may directly damage the cell membranes, disrupt ATP production and DNA replication, alternate gene expressions, release toxic Ag⁺ ion, and produce reactive oxygen species to oxidize biological components of the cell. A progress made on understanding the mechanism of organic-coated AgNP toxicity using different analytical techniques is presented.     

芳纶纤维/SMPU-SiO2复合材料的界面性能研究

选用形状记忆聚氨酯(SMPU)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,固体酸对甲基苯磺酸(PTSA)为催化剂,利用空气中的水分为水解水源,通过溶胶-凝胶法原位制备了形状记忆聚氨酯与二氧化硅( SMPU-SiO2)杂化材料,并将杂化材料应用于芳纶纤维增强的柔性复合材料中,以期改善芳纶纤维与基体的界面性能.同时,针对芳纶纤维表面...     

Modelling and numerical simulation of high strength fibre reinforced concrete corbels

In the present study, new constitutive models for high strength steel fibre reinforced concrete (HSSFRC) have been formulated by means of a regression analysis of many experimental data (from literature) by using SPSS-statistical program. This proposed constitutive models have been employed for formulating the material finite element models to study the behaviour of HSSFRC corbels.     

由一个实例引发的对莫尔理论和双剪统一强度理论的改进

以某型火炮身管设计为例,采用双剪统一强度理论对火炮身管的壁厚进行了设计。然而,在火炮身管强度计算中得出了如下结论:当身管外径平方与内径平方之比小于1+b时,若材料的其它参数不变,材料的压缩屈服极限越大,其所能承受内压的能力越差,b为双剪统一强度理论中的参数。这是有悖常理的。针对该现象本文考虑各主应力的正负取值情况,对库伦—莫尔理论和双剪统一强度理论的改进问题进行了探讨。并应用改进的双剪统一强度理论再次计算,得到了满意的结果。     

Structure of wake of a sharp-edged bluff body in a shallow channel flow

The flow field downstream of a bluff body in a typical open channel flow was explored by two-dimensional particle image velocimetry. Measurements are obtained in horizontal planes at the near-bed, mid-depth and near-surface locations downstream of the body up to a streamwise distance of 10D, where D is the width of the body. The dimensionless streamwise defect velocity profile of the wake flow matches well with the data of a previous investigation and does not reflect any dependency on the distance from the bed. However, the nature of development of the recirculation region is found to be different at the three vertical locations. The time-averaged streamline pattern indicates the existence of a unique nodal pattern close to the bed. The variation of the half-width is also found to be affected by the presence of the bed and the free surface. The bed friction arrests the transverse growth of the shear layer, and the free-surface helps to redistribute the turbulent kinetic energy in the streamwise and transverse directions. Swirling strength analysis is carried out to compare the behavior and statistics of the vortex population in the vertical direction. The prevailing magnitude of the swirling strength is found to be different at the three vertical locations. Bed friction assists to dissipate vorticity rapidly, and therefore reduces the probability of appearance of strong vortices close to the bed.     

一个改进的混凝土非线性双剪切强度准则

通过对混凝土、岩石等材料强度理论的分析研究,基于普遍形式强度理论及双剪切强度理论,考虑混凝土在多轴荷载作用下材料强度性质在π平面和拉伸压缩子午线上不同的变化规律,将混凝土的强度准则定义为两个较大主剪切应力平方和的函数;并考虑其对应剪切应力作用面上的正应力和静水压力的影响,推导了一个考虑中间主应力效应和复杂极限面情况的非线性双剪切强度准则;通过实验数据获得了相关参数。结果表明该强度准则可以较好地描述混凝土材料的破坏特性。