Successive substitution titration of cadmium and zinc with EGTA using carbon paste electrode for indication

Summary Cadmium and zinc can be determined in a single titration in the following manner: To the sample solution an ammonia/ammoniumchloride buffer is added to make the ammonia concentration 1,0–1,2 M (pH ca. 10). The titration is performed with amperometric indication using a carbon paste electrode and EGTA [ethyleneglycol-bis-(2-aminoethylether)-tetra acetic acid] as the titrant. After the end point for cadmium, excess amount of calcium-EDTA complex is added, and zinc is successively titrated with EGTA. The influences of iron(III), copper(II), lead(II) and manganese(II) have been examined. The conditions for carbon paste electrode indication have also been studied.

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Sukzessive Substitutions-Titration von Cadmium und Zink mit ÄGTA, indiziert mit der Kohlepaste-Elektrode

Zusammenfassung Cadmium und Zink können in einer einzigen Titration folgendermaßen bestimmt werden: Zu der Probelösung wird Ammoniak-Ammoniumchlorid-Puffer zugesetzt. Die Ammoniakkonzentration in der Endlösung sollte 1,0–1,2 M (pH ca. 10) betragen. Die Titration erfolgt mit ÄGTA [Äthylenglycolbis-(2-Aminoäthyläther)-tetraessigsäure] und wird amperometrisch mit der Kohlepasteelektrode indiziert. Nach dem Endpunkt für Cadmium wird ein Überschuß an CaÄDTA zugesetzt. Danach wird auch Zink mit ÄGTA titriert. Die Störungen durch Fe(III), Cu(II), Pb(II) und Mn(II) werden untersucht. Ebenso werden die Bedingungen für die Indikation mit der Kohlepasteelektrode untersucht.

     

Selection of experimental conditions for the photometric complex formation titrations of metals in the ppm-range

Summary Metals can complexometrically be titrated in the ppm-range in the presence of equivalent amounts of indicator. When (22) metal-indicator complexes predominate in solution, the end-points found from the L-shaped absorbance-volume curves by extrapolation, are generally systematically shifted. This can be avoided by a proper choice of the indicator.Mathematical conditions previously derived are transformed to practical titration conditions, which, applied to diagrams for Bi and Zn, lead to the selection of optimum experimental conditions for these metals. The procedure is generally applicable and remains suitable even when a lack of data requires some preliminary investigations.

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Wahl der experimentellen Bedingungen für die photometrische Komplexbildungstitration von Metallen im ppm-Bereich

Zusammenfassung Metalle können im ppm-Bereich in Gegenwart äquivalenter Indicatormengen komplexometrisch titriert werden. Wenn 22-Metall-Indicatorkomplexe in der Lösung vorherrschen, sind die Endpunkte, die durch Extrapolierung aus den L-förmigen Absorptions-Volumenkurven gefunden werden, im allgemeinen systematisch verschoben. Durch geeignete Auswahl des Indicators kann dies vermieden werden. Aus mathematischen Ableitungen werden praktische Titrationsbedingungen aufgestellt, die bei Anwendung auf Wismut und Zink zur Auswahl optimaler Verhältnisse führen. Das Verfahren ist allgemein anwendbar, selbst wenn wegen Fehlens geeigneter Daten Voruntersuchungen notwendig sind.

Lecture presented at Euroanalysis I Conference, 28. 8.–1. 9. 1972 in Heidelberg, Germany.     

Eine bifunktionelle Bleititration mit Kaliumchromatl?sung

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Bifunctional titration of lead with potassium chromate solution

     

A new approach to flow-batch titration. A monosegmented flow titrator with coulometric reagent generation and potentiometric or biamperometric detection

Monosegmented flow analysis (MSFA) has been used as a flow-batch system to produce a simple, robust, and mechanized titrator that enables true titrations to be performed without the use of standards. This paper also introduces the use of coulometry with monosegmented titration by proposing a versatile flow cell. Coulometric generation of the titrand is attractive for titrations performed in monosegmented systems, because the reagent can be added without increasing the volume of sample injected. Also, biamperomeric and potentiometric detection of titration end-points can increase the versatility of the monosegmented titrator. The cell integrates coulometric generation of the titrand with detection of end-point by potentiometry or biamperometry. The resulting titrator is a flow-batch system in which the liquid monosegment, constrained by the interfaces of the gaseous carrier stream, plays the role of a sample of known volume to be titrated. The system has been used for determination of ascorbic acid, by coulometric generation of I₂ with biamperometric detection, and for determination of Fe(II), by coulometric generation of Ce(IV) with potentiometric detection of the end-point, both in feed supplements.     

Differentiating between Acidic and Basic Surface Hydroxyls on Metal Oxides by Fluoride Substitution: A Case Study on Blue TiO2 from Laser Defect Engineering

Both oxygen vacancies and surface hydroxyls play a crucial role in catalysis. Yet, their relationship is not often explored. Herein, we prepare two series of TiO₂ (rutile and P25) with increasing oxygen deficiency and Ti³⁺ concentration by pulsed laser defect engineering in liquid (PUDEL), and selectively quantify the acidic and basic surface OH by fluoride substitution. As indicated by EPR spectroscopy, the laser-generated Ti³⁺ exist near the surface of rutile, but appear to be deeper in the bulk for P25. Fluoride substitution shows that extra acidic bridging OH are selectively created on rutile, while the surface OH density remains constant for P25. These observations suggest near-surface Ti³⁺ are highly related to surface bridging OH, presumably the former increasing the electron density of the bridging oxygen to form more of the latter. We anticipate that fluoride substitution will enable better characterization of surface OH and its correlation with defects in metal oxides.     

滴定分析模型的统一、MATLAB解析及曲线绘制

在将酸碱滴定、络合滴定、氧化还原滴定和沉淀滴定反应统一为M+L=N的基础上,将4种滴定曲线方程统一为两种数学模型。通过简单迭代法计算滴定过程中变化的副反应系数,利用接近数学表达式的自然化语言MATLAB解析4种滴定曲线方程,并绘制出精确的滴定曲线,方法简单易操作。     

一元强碱滴定二元弱酸的林邦滴定曲线方程及pH_(sp)计算

用质子条件式PBE、物料平衡式MBE、副反应系数和条件稳定常数等知识,推导出一元强碱滴定二元弱酸溶液的林邦滴定曲线方程,并用其推导出第一、第二化学计量点pH_(sp1)和pH_(sp2)的计算公式。