在线近红外光谱在我国中药研究和生产中应用现状与展望

中药生产过程具有多单元复杂性特点,制剂生产的各个环节均会影响中药产品的最终质量,在线近红外光谱技术具有快速、无损和不污染环境等优势,能够作为一种快速评价中药生产过程中关键质量属性的分析技术。以院校相关研究为切入点,系统阐述了在线近红外光谱技术在中药生产过程分析与控制方面的应用,并结合院校中药生产在线近红外光谱分析平台搭建为例,以此为依据阐明中药在线近红外光谱分析技术应用的可行性。进而,从企业应用角度出发,较为全面的综述了目前国内大多数应用在线近红外光谱技术的中药生产企业的研究成果及其中药产品。按照中药产品的两大剂型(液体制剂与固体制剂)进行分类,以液体制剂不同生产环节(提取、浓缩及醇沉等)为区分点,以固体制剂不同成品剂型(片剂、胶囊剂及膏剂等)为区分点,分别对近10年来中药生产过程中在线近红外应用进行系统综述,阐明中药生产全过程在线近红外技术应用的可靠性,为中药生产现代化提供有效的技术支撑。     

混合信息系统属性约简

将属性分为基于等价关系的离散属性及基于优势关系的连续属性,利用U/{a}划分及正域方法对系统属性进行约简并提取规则,选用UCI中的6个数据集验证了方法的有效性。     

Continuity Adjustment for Control Charts for Attributes

A unified approach is proposed for making a continuity adjustment on some control charts for attributes, e.g., np-chart and c-chart. through adding a uniform (0,1) random observation to the conventional sample statistic (e.g., npi and ci). The adjusted sample statistic then has a continuous distribution. Consequently, given any Type I risk a (the probability that the sample statistic is on or beyond the control limits), control charts achieving the exact value of a can be readily constructed. Guidelines are given for when to use the continuity adjustment control chart, the conventional Shewhart control chart (with ±3 standard deviations control limits), and the control chart based on the exact distribution of the sample statistic before adjustment.     

Wild olive fruits: Phenolics profiling,antioxidants, antimicrobial,thrombolytic and haemolytic activities

In this study, wild olive fruits were evaluated for the occurrence of phenolic antioxidant components and valuable nutrients which are distributed wildly in Soon valley of Pakistan. The shade-dried fruits of wild olive were extracted using different solvents to recover phenolic antioxidants. The highest concentration of extractable antioxidant components was recovered from tested fruits using aqueous ethanol compared to other solvents used. Crude concentrated extracts (CCEs) and phenolic rich fractions (PRFs) of tested fruits using hydroxyethanol were found to contain higher amount of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid compounds along with superior biological attributes. According to ICP-OES analysis, potassium (17.96 g/kg) was the dominant macro element among other identified twenty-five minerals. The tested wild olive fruits juice was found to contain individual natural sugars including galactose (4.92 g/100 g dry weight), sucrose (2.75 g/100 g dry weight), glucose (0.73 g/100 g dry weight); and succinic acid (8.80 mg/100 g of dry matter) as major organic acid when analyzed on HPLC. Oleic acid (47.41 %) was the major monounsaturated fatty acid in the oil extracted from tested fruits. The concentration of phenolic antioxidants and biological activities vary significantly (p < 0.05) among extracting systems used. A strong correlation was also recorded among total phenolic (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and biological attributes of tested wild olive fruits. The results of this study explored wild olive fruits as a propitious source of natural phenolic components and valuable nutrients which reveal its potential use in the development of functional food and nutra-pharmaceuticals.     

Effect of High Hydrostatic Pressure in the Storage of Spanish-Style Table Olive Fermented with Olive Leaf Extract and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Olives treated according to the Spanish-style are firstly treated with caustic soda and then fermented in brine to reduce phenols. Next, olives are packed and subjected to pasteurization. The effect of different high hydrostatic pressure treatments (400 MPa, 4 and 6 min) was evaluated in Spanish-style table olives fermented with olive leaf extract (OLE) and S. cerevisiae compared with thermal pasteurization (P) at 80 °C for 15 min. HHP and P led to a significant reduction in yeast and aerobic mesophiles after the conservation treatment and during storage (300 days). The physical–chemical properties changed slightly during storage, except for olive hardness; olives treated with HHP presented a higher hardness than pasteurized ones. The CIELAB parameter L* decreased until day 300 in most of the treatments, as well as phenols. The HHP treatment led to significantly higher contents of phenolics (even during storage) than olives submitted to P. Some sensory attributes (colour, aspect, hardness, and overall evaluation) decreased during storage. P treatment caused a decrease in appearance, aroma, hardness, and overall evaluation compared to olives treated with HHP. Thus, the application of HHP in table olives to increase the shelf-life can be considered a valid alternative to P.     

Retrieval and Ranking of Combining Ontology and Content Attributes for Scientific Document

Traditional mathematical search models retrieve scientific documents only by mathematical expressions and their contexts and do not consider the ontological attributes of scientific documents, which result in gaps between the queries and the retrieval results. To solve this problem, a retrieval and ranking model is constructed that synthesizes the information of mathematical expressions with related texts, and the ontology attributes of scientific documents are extracted to further sort the retrieval results. First, the hesitant fuzzy set of mathematical expressions is constructed by using the characteristics of the hesitant fuzzy set to address the multi-attribute problem of mathematical expression matching; then, the similarity of the mathematical expression context sentence is calculated by using the BiLSTM two-way coding feature, and the retrieval result is obtained by synthesizing the similarity between the mathematical expression and the sentence; finally, considering the ontological attributes of scientific documents, the retrieval results are ranked to obtain the final search results. The MAP_10 value of the mathematical expression retrieval results on the Ntcir-Mathir-Wikipedia-Corpus dataset is 0.815, and the average value of the NDCG@10 of the scientific document ranking results is 0.9; these results prove the effectiveness of the scientific document retrieval and ranking method.     

基于高光谱分析的淫羊藿药用成分快速检测研究

中药材淫羊藿富含朝霍定和淫羊藿苷等黄酮类化合物,具有滋阴补肾、提高免疫力等功效,有较大的药用价值。当前,面对生产及育种过程中批量样品快速、无损检测需求的增加,传统的化学分析方法难以满足需要,而高效、廉价的现代高光谱分析技术备受青睐。但受制于光谱数据谱峰重叠及噪声的干扰,全波段光谱分析建模存在模型精度不高和运行效率低的问题。利用便携式地物光谱仪器获取淫羊藿可见-近红外光谱数据,借助遗传算法（GA）特征波段选择方法剔除无关波段,并与偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）分析建模技术结合,构建淫羊藿药用组分（朝霍定A、朝霍定B、朝霍定C和淫羊藿苷）高光谱GA-PLSR校正模型,探讨淫羊藿药用组分含量高效分析预测的可行性,并挖掘获取淫羊藿品质鉴定的重要光谱响应波段。结果表明：高光谱分析结合化学计量学在淫羊藿有效药用组分的快速无损检测方面具有相当大的潜力。与全波段PLSR校正模型相比,通过GA迭代优化,参与建模的有效光谱数据得到简化,GA-PLSR模型的测量精度和稳定性得到明显提升。主要表现在交叉验证的决定系数（R2_CV）得到明显提高,交叉验证的均方根误差（RMSE_CV）普遍降低。其中,四种药用组分校正模型的R2_CV分别从0.645,0.720,0.718和0.642提升为0.671,0.835,0.782和0.796;同时,其对应的RMSE_CV值分别由2.102,2.896,21.069和1.221降为2.071,2.230,18.656和0.912。此外,明确了红边波段690～740 nm以及420 nm附近波段为淫羊藿药用组分朝霍定A、朝霍定B、朝霍定C和淫羊藿苷光谱鉴别分析的重要响应波段。该研究为高光谱技术淫羊藿品质准确高效鉴定和光谱传感器的波段设计提供一定的理论依据。     

The Synthesis of Warfarin Using a Reconfigurable-Reactor Platform Integrated to a Multiple-Variable Optimization Tool

Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of warfarin, an important anticoagulant, has been evaluated using a reconfigurable reaction platform capable of performing batch, continuous flow, and plug-flow synthesis. Further, this platform has been integrated with a novel, multidimensional, multiple variable analysis tool that can evaluate multiple critical quality attributes (CQA), percent conversion and enantiomeric excess in this case, from a single injection that is repeatedly recycled in a closed loop of chromatography columns, a detector and a heart-cut valve. Further, the new, integrated analysis system also facilitates validation of each QA, providing a high-level of confidence in analytical measurements, which are obtained without operator intervention.     

Classification of Literary Works: Fractality and Complexity of the Narrative,Essay, and Research Article

A complex network as an abstraction of a language system has attracted much attention during the last decade. Linguistic typological research using quantitative measures is a current research topic based on the complex network approach. This research aims at showing the node degree, betweenness, shortest path length, clustering coefficient, and nearest neighbourhoods’ degree, as well as more complex measures such as: the fractal dimension, the complexity of a given network, the Area Under Box-covering, and the Area Under the Robustness Curve. The literary works of Mexican writers were classify according to their genre. Precisely 87% of the full word co-occurrence networks were classified as a fractal. Also, empirical evidence is presented that supports the conjecture that lemmatisation of the original text is a renormalisation process of the networks that preserve their fractal property and reveal stylistic attributes by genre.