Electrochemical Detection of Persulfate at the Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode with Nanocomposite Containing Nano‐Ruthenium Oxide/Thionine and Nano‐Ruthenium Oxide/Celestine Blue

The present study describes the fabrication of a sensitive amperometric sensor for the determination of persulfate. The immobilization surface was prepared by modifying a glassy carbon (GC) electrode with a nanocomposite containing ruthenium oxide (RuOx) nanoparticles and thionine (TH) or celestin blue (CB). The modified electrodes indicated excellent electrocatalytic activity toward persulfate reduction at a potential of +0.1 V. The proposed sensor showed detection limits of 1.46 µM for the GC/RuOx/TH modified electrode and 2.64 µM for the GC/RuOx/CB modified electrode. The sensitivities were obtained as 3 nA µM^?1 at a concentration range of 10 µM to 11 mM for the GC/RuOx/TH modified electrode and 1 nA µM^?1 at a concentration range of 10 µM to 6 mM for the GC/RuOx/CB modified electrodes.     

Different non-radical oxidation processes of persulfate and peroxymonosulfate activation by nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon

Activated persulfate oxidation is an emerging advanced oxidation process for organic pollutant degradation. Own to different molecular structures and oxidation potentials, persulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) may show different degradation performances due to various catalytic mechanisms even by the same catalysts. In this study, the nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (N-OMC) was applied to activate PDS and PMS for degrading a model organic pollutant phenol to reveal their activation mechanisms. Results show that both PDS and PMS could be efficiently activated by N-OMC. The degradation of phenol fitted well with pseudo-first-order kinetics, whose kinetic constants increased with the increase of pH, PDS/PMS dosage, and N-OMC dosage. Based on quenching experiments and electron spin resonance spin-trapping technique, the N-OMC was found to activate PDS and PMS via non-radical process of electron transfer and singlet oxygen formation, respectively, instead of the commonly observed radical process. This work will be useful to understand the activation processes of PDS and PMS, and benefit for the development of catalysts for pollutant degradation.     

Impact of initiators in preparing magnetic polymer particles by miniemulsion polymerization

Sub-micron sized polystyrene particles containing magnetite more than 30 wt.% were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization with commercially available ferricolloid. The effects of some water-soluble initiators and/or oil-soluble initiators on the particles characteristics, such as the size, morphology, magnetic properties and colloidal stability, were studied. The size of monomer droplets/polymer particles increased from 60 to 300 nm during polymerization, keeping magnetic in core when potassium persulfate (KPS) or ammonium persulfate (APS) was used as the sole initiator. These particles were easily separated from the medium within short time scale in external magnetic field, while such characteristics were controlled by the amount of persulfate used for the polymerization. In contrast, when 2,2′-azobis isobutyronitrile (AIBN) was used as the initiator, the size of droplets/particles was retained to be 90 nm at the most and magnetite nanoparticles located at the surface of polystyrene particles, which were so colloidally stable that they were not separated in external magnetic field. The above-mentioned effect of initiators on particle size in persulfate system was likely originated from the decrease of pH value and the increase of ionic strength, which induced the fusion of droplets/particles containing magnetite. Mixed-initiators system resulted in intermediate characteristics, compared with each initiator system. The location of magnetite in the particle seems to depend on where initiation/polymerization occurred in each initiator system.     

过硫酸盐氧化降解2,4-二硝基甲苯的光谱特征变化解析

随着人类活动不断增加,难降解有机物已成为污染地下水主要物质之一。贫营养、厌氧的地下水环境将加剧难降解有机物的长期风险。2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)作为难降解的硝基苯类物质,对其污染地下水修复治理一直是环境领域的难点和热点问题。目前,零价铁活化过硫酸盐高级氧化技术被用于修复地下水中2,4-DNT,具有较高的效率。为了更好地识别降解过程,一般采用质谱识别氧化降解的中间产物和降解产物以及生成的顺序,但无法有效的识别氧化降解过程中有机物官能团的变化顺序。因此,采用三维荧光技术、傅里叶红外光谱技术以及二维相关分析技术耦合识别过硫酸盐氧化体系中2,4-DNT的光谱变化及官能团转化顺序。结果表明,未出现荧光峰的2,4-DNT降解生成的具有荧光基团的新产物,反应初期荧光产物的生成主要是因苯环上硝基的变化,而苯环未受到破坏。通过对5个区域体积积分可知,随着反应进行苯环破裂,生成不饱和脂肪酸,类富里酸结构的产物不断被降解,而类腐殖质结构的产物后期逐渐被降解,导致区域Ⅱ和区域Ⅳ中积分的荧光强度占比不断增加,后期产物中的2,4-二氨基甲苯(2,4-DAT)含量不断增加,导致体系中的荧光不断增强,其来源于过量的Fe0还原2,4-DNT反应;红外吸收峰主要有3334,2844,2954,2357,2126,1643,1410,1110和700 cm^-1,表明产物中主要官能团有氨基、亚甲基、羧基、酚羟基及烯烃类等,但不同反应阶段的红外吸收峰差异性较小,表明氧化体系中苯环上甲基被氧化为羧基或酚羟基,硝基被还原转化为氨基,苯环破坏生成不饱和脂肪酸和烯烃类结构物质。通过对时间变化过程中水相的FTIR数据进行二维相关分析,发现同步谱图中出现了4个自相关峰,其位置为λ1/λ2=3334/3334,1643/1643,1015/1015和700/700,同时在λ1/λ2=1643/3334,1015/3334,700/3334,1015/1634,700/1634和700/1015处出现6个正相关交叉峰,且峰值均为正值,谱带强度变化方向一致,表明以上4种官能团均随时间变化而生成,转化/降解存在同步性;异步谱出现同步谱中相同位置的5个负相关交叉峰和1个正相关峰。结合同步异步谱交叉相关峰正负关系,可知光谱变化特征次序为:3334>1634>1015>700,故发现随着时间延长,2,4-DNT降解体系中基团出现的先后顺序:氨基>羧基>烯烃类>酚羟基。综上表明降解过程中苯环上的硝基先转化为-NH2,其次苯环上的甲基被氧化为-COOH,酚羟基和烯烃类应该是苯环结构破坏后的碳链转化。相关研究可为过硫酸盐高级氧化降解官能团变化及路径识别提供一定的依据。     

Microwave-assisted rapid decomposition of persulfate

Microwave irradiation has been a promising alternative to conduct several chemical reactions. In this work the microwave effects in potassium persulfate decomposition rate, under controlled conditions of temperature and microwave power, were evaluated. Higher decomposition rate constants were obtained in microwave irradiated reactions in comparison with conventional heated ones. To study the effect of high power microwave irradiation, a pulsed irradiation strategy was developed, in which the samples were repeatedly heated within short intervals of time at high power levels (500 or 1400 W). A great decomposition percentage was achieved in shorter irradiation times, showing the kinetic advantages of microwave-assisted reactions. However, it was found no differences in the reaction yields, even when high power levels were involved, proving that microwave enhancements may arise only from the ability to quickly provide a large amount of energy to the reaction medium.     

Visible light induced efficient activation of persulfate by a carbon quantum dots (CQDs) modified γ-Fe2O3 catalyst

In this study, a carbon quantum dots modified maghemite catalyst (CQDs@γ-Fe₂O₃) has been synthesized by a one-step solvothermal method for efficient persulfate (PDS) activation under visible light irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS) characterization indicated that the formation of heterojunction structure between CQDs and γ-Fe₂O₃ effectively reduced the catalyst band gap (E_g), favoring the separation rate of electrons and holes, leading to remarkable efficient sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation as compared to the dark-CQDs@γ-Fe₂O₃/PDS and vis-γ-Fe₂O₃/PDS systems. The evolution of dissolved irons also demonstrated that CQDs could accelerate the in-situ reduction of surface-bounded Fe³⁺. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical scavenging experiments demonstrated that both OH and SO₄⁻ were generated in the reaction system, while OH was relatively more dominant than SO₄⁻ for SMX degradation. Finally, the reaction mechanism in the vis-CQDs@γ-Fe₂O₃/PDS system was proposed involving an effective and accelerated heterogeneous-homogeneous iron cycle. CQDs would enrich the photo-generated electrons from γ-Fe₂O₃, causing efficient interfacial generation of surface-bond Fe²⁺ and reduction of adsorbed Fe³⁺. This visible light induced iron cycle would eventually lead to effective activation of PDS as well as the efficient degradation of SMX.     

Temperature effect on the kinetics of persulfate oxidation of p-chloroaniline

The kinetics of heat-facilitated persulfate oxidation of p-chloroaniline（PCA） in aqueous solutions was measured at five different temperature conditions and at four different oxidant concentrations.The PCA degradation was found to follow a pseudo-first-order decay model when the persulfate was excessive.The pseudo-first-order rate constants of PCA degradation by persulfate（50 mmol/ L） at pH 7.0 are 0.12×10^-4,0.28×10^-4,0.43×10^-4,0.83×10^-4,1.32×10^-4 s^-1 at 10,20,30,40 and 50℃,respectively. Under the above reaction conditions,the reaction has activation energy of 49.97 kJ/mol.The observed rate was found to be function of temperature and oxidant concentration.Raising temperature and increasing persulfate concentration can significantly accelerate the PCA degradation.     

Effect of Electrostatic Interaction on Electrodeposition of Nickel Hexacyanoferrate with Functional MWCNTs and Their Application for the Determination of Persulfate and Tannic Acid

A nanocomposite film of NiHCF electrodeposited onto AFCNT was modified on GCE by the electrostatic interaction of multiple scan cyclic voltammetry. Amino groups have been introduced with a positive charge onto the surface of MWCNTs. The presence of NiHCF‐AFCNT/GCE was characterized by using FE‐SEM, EDS, EIS, and XRD studies. The nanocomposite film of NiHCF‐AFCNT was further utilized to determine persulfate and tannic acid, respectively. The nanocomposite film modified electrode displays linear response from 0.1 to 19 mM and 10 to 170 µM for persulfate and tannic acid with a correlation coefficient of 0.9921 and 0.9869. The detection limits were found to be 0.1 mM and 1 µM, respectively. As results, the electrostatic interaction between positively charged metal ions, amino functionalized CNT and negatively charged hexacyanoferrate can be a new subject for many interesting applications.     

酮洛芬的伏安行为及吸附缔合平行极谱催化波研究

采用线性扫描极谱法、循环伏安法及恒电位电解法在NH4Cl-NH3.H2O(pH9.5)缓冲液中研究了酮洛芬(KPF)的伏安行为和极谱催化波的产生机理。结果表明,KPF的羰基首先发生1e-和1H 还原,产生中间体质子化羰基自由基,该自由基再以同样方式进一步还原生成相应的羟基化合物,并伴随有化学反应;引入K2S2O8后,S2O82-作为配位体与吸附在电极表面质子化的KPF形成缔合物,引起峰电位负移,S2O82-及其还原中间产物SO4.-氧化经1e-和1H 还原的KPF羰基自由基,使峰电流显著增加,从而产生了KPF的吸附缔合平行极谱催化波。测得S2O82-氧化KPF质子化羰基自由基的表观速率常数Kf=1.2×104/s。     

Efficient decomposition of sulfamethoxazole in a novel neutral Fered-Fenton like/oxalate system based on effective heterogeneous-homogeneous iron cycle

Based on effective heterogeneous-homogeneous iron cycle, efficient SMX degradation was achieved in a novel neutral Fered-Fenton like system adopting Ti@TiO₂ cathode.