Resistance to Surfactant and Protein Fouling Effects at Conducting Diamond Electrodes

Boron‐doped diamond thin‐film electrodes display negligible fouling effects in the presence of high levels of surface‐active materials, including proteins. Dramatic improvements in the stability of the analyte response (compared to common glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes) are illustrated using bovine serum albumin (BSA), gelatin, and Triton X‐100 in connection with repetitive square‐wave voltammetric (SWV) measurements. The voltammetric response of ascorbic acid at the diamond electrode exhibits negligible shifts in peak potentials and minimal depressions of current signals over a wide range of surfactant concentrations (0–750 ppm). For example, the diamond electrode exhibited 70, 50 and 60 mV potential shifts for 10 repetitive voltammetric scans in the presence of 100 ppm BSA, gelatin and Triton X‐100, respectively, compared to 120, 190, and 280 mV shifts observed at the glassy carbon electrode. Furthermore, only 4.3 and 6.2% of the initial current decays were observed in the presence of 100 ppm Triton X‐100 and gelatin, respectively (compared to 45.2 and 34.4% diminutions at the glassy carbon electrode). Such improved performance was also confirmed from the SWV measurements of uric acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and catechol. The greatly improved resistance to surfactant interference reflects the fact that the as‐grown diamond thin film, composed of oxide‐free and hydrogen‐terminated surface, has a relatively lower surface energy and minimal electrostatic attributes, either specific or general, so that little adsorption of surface‐active agents occurs. The topographic AFM images of the diamond electrode surface confirm a negligible BSA fouling effect after repetitive SWV measurements. Such enhanced antifouling features make diamond electrodes very attractive for numerous real‐life electroanalytical applications.     

Electrode Kinetics and Ternary Complex Formation of Cd2+‐Antibiotics‐Vitamin‐B5 System. A Polarographic Study

Cd²⁺ complexes with antibiotics viz. neomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, penicillin‐V and penicillin‐G as primary ligands and vitamin‐B₅ as secondary ligand have been reported at pH = 7.30 ± 0.01 and μ = 1.0 M KNO₃ at 298 K by polarographic technique.¹ Cd²⁺ formed 1:1:1, 1:1:2, and 1:2:1 complexes with a stability constants trend of neomycin < chlortetracycline < oxytetracycline < tetracycline < penicillin‐V < penicillin‐G can be explained on the basis of the nature of ligands, bonding, and steric hindrance of these drugs. The nature of electrode processes were reversible and diffusion controlled. The values of stability constants showed that these drugs can be used to reduce the toxicity of Cd.     

Determination of gallium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with combined use of a tungsten-coated L'vov platform tube and a chemical modification technique

Tungsten-coated non-pyrolytic graphite (NPG), pyrolytic graphite (PG) and pyrolytic L'vov platform graphite (PPG) tubes were prepared, and their analytical performances were compared. The coating process simply involved injecting 100 μl of a sodium tungstate solution (0.01 mol l⁻¹) into each graphite tube, followed by heating according to a temperature programme similar to an atomisation cycle for the determination of gallium. This procedure for coating was repeated at least 12, 25, and 7 times towards NPG, PG, and PPG tubes, respectively. Among these tubes, the tungsten-coated PPG tube showed excellent performance for the determination of gallium. By combined use of a chemical modifier such as aluminium(III) or nickel(II) a detection limit (3σ) of 6 pg and sensitivity (1% absorption) of 3–4 pg were achieved. The practical potential of the proposed technique was demonstrated for the determination of gallium in several samples of alloys and fresh water.     

Improvement of direct determination of Cu and Mn in seawater by GFAAS and total elimination of the saline matrix with the use of hydrofluoric acid

Hydrofluoric acid, added to seawater, can assist in the removal of chloride in the drying step by precipitating fluoride salts, thus suppressing the chloride interference effects induced on the atomization signals of Cu and Mn. By adding HF to seawater before the analysis, MgF₂ and CaF₂ are precipitated at the bottom of the sampling flask, without precipitating Cu and Mn, and are consequently not introduced into the graphite furnace. Because sodium salts are eliminated at the pretreatment step, the whole seawater matrix is eliminated before the atomization of Cu or Mn. Therefore, the analyzed volume of seawater can be increased by using the multi-injection procedure without degradation of the limit of detection and risks of spectral interferences. The limit of detection obtained for Cu and Mn are 0.05 and 0.01 μg L⁻¹, respectively, for a 50 μL analyzed seawater volume.     

A non-primitive model for the electrode electrolyte interface based on the Percus–Yevick theory. Analysis of the different molecular sizes, ion valences and electrolyte concentrations

The electrode electrolyte interface is modelled by a mixture of charged and dipolar hard spheres against a planar, charged hard wall. A mean field theory is used to describe the coulombic interactions while steric effects are given by the Percus–Yevick theory. The underlying Percus–Yevick theory for three uncharged species against a planar wall is derived by using the standard method developed by Henderson et al. (D. Henderson, F.F. Abraham, J.A. Barker, Mol. Phys., 31 (1976) 1291) and compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. Although the Percus–Yevick theory has shortcomings, the theory provides an estimate of how the high density of the solvent influences the structural and thermodynamic properties. Consideration of the solvent molecules introduces oscillations in the density distribution of the ions and solvent while the different molecular sizes and ion valences lead to an asymmetry in the differential capacitance.     

NdCl3-FeCl3-石墨层间化合物的合成

采用熔盐交换法成功地合成了ＮｄＣｌ３ＦｅＣｌ３ＧＩＣ, 用ＸＲＤ 技术和Ｘ射线能谱仪（ＥＤＳ） 对其层间结构及各元素的相对含量进行了表征。研究表明, 其结构为２,３ ,４ 阶混合结构,３ 阶ＮｄＣｌ３ 的特征层间距为１－６５３６ ±０－００２４ ｎｍ , 并探讨了稀土氯化物石墨层间化合物的形成机制。     

Flexible carbon membrane supercapacitor based on γ-cyclodextrin-MOF

Supercapacitors (SCs) with high energy density and power density are a research hotspot. Herein, we report a flexible porous carbon membrane supercapacitor prepared by electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with γ-cyclodextrin-MOF (γ-CD-MOF) and then carbonizing at 900 °C. BET results showed that the supercapacitor retained the skeleton of γ-CD, γ-CD-MOF and the pores formed by the spun-fibers, which were 0.73, 1.09 and 23–186 nm, respectively, showing a high specific surface area of 134.7 m²/g. The hierarchically porous structures ensure rapid charge transfer and ion diffusion, resulting in the PAN/γ-CD-MOF carbon electrode with a high capacity of 283.3 F/g. Moreover, the supercapacitor had a high energy density up to 17.5 Wh/kg and power density up to 6 kW/kg. Significantly, it showed excellent cycle stability with a capacitance retention of 97.5% after 6000 cycles. This work provides a supramolecular strategy to construct a flexible porous carbon membrane, which has potential for supercapacitor applications.     

Green synthesis and characterization of Tb-Fe-O-Cu ceramic nanocomposite and its application in simultaneous electrochemical sensing of zinc,cadmium and lead

In this work, a green technique for preparing TbFeO₃/CuO was reported by employing Crataegus and Lantana Camara leaves as fuel and alkalizing agents, respectively. The new sensor based on the perovskite-type nanocomposite was employed as a sensitive and selective platform to detect Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) simultaneously. TbFeO₃/CuO/Carbon paste electrode (CPE) exhibited a large specific surface area and great electrical conductivity, which enhanced electron transport in the electrochemical process considerably. Moreover, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) was used for the investigation of some factors influencing the sensor sensitivity like pH, modifier concentration, as well as accumulation time and potential. Therefore, the low detection limit (LOD) and a wide linear range were obtained at optimum conditions. In this study, a linear range between 0.9 and 110 µg/L for three ions and LOD of 0.48, 0.29 and 0.12 for zinc, cadmium and lead were achieved, respectively. Moreover, TbFeO₃/CuO/CPE was employed to detect zinc, cadmium and lead ions simultaneously in the real samples so that the results have shown consistency with a standard inductively coupled plasma (ICP).     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析测定食用菌中总砷

摘 要：采用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析测定食用菌中总砷。取可食部分的食用菌粉碎均匀,采用微波消解对样品进行消解,将消解液于140℃赶酸至0.5mL ,用超纯水转移定容至25mL。以0.1%的硝酸钯为基体改进剂,塞曼扣背景,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定总砷。方法检出限为0.4μg/L,线性范围为0~30 μg/L,线性相关系数(r)大于0.998,采用精密度考察方法重现性,不同浓度水平的RSD%均小于6.6%;三个浓度水平的加标回收率为80.6% ~ 103.9%,有证标准物质测定结果符合要求。实验结果表明,方法操作简便、灵敏、准确,适合食用菌中总砷的测定。对砷形态复杂的野生食用菌,微波消解后可直接采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定总砷。     

金作保护剂铅试金分离富集石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定矿石中痕量铑

铑矿石是获取铑的重要来源,但矿石中的铑含量极低,且分布不均匀,准确测定其含量一直是分析测试中的难题。本研究建立了一种可高效富集矿石中铑元素的铅试金——石墨炉原子吸收光谱分析方法。采用金作保护剂,铅试金分离富集矿石中的铑,形成的金-铑合金用王水溶解,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行测定。实验结果表明：熔剂配比m（硼砂）：m（纯碱）：m（黄丹粉）：m（淀粉）=5:5:10:1,加入15mg金做为保护剂,灰吹温度900℃,可完全富集50 μg铑。用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪进行检测,方法的相对标准偏差RSD（n=11）为6.97%～11.23%,线性范围为0.17～50 μg?L-1,加标回收率为99.36%～100.94%,10倍于铑的其他共存贵金属对测定无干扰。方法准确、可靠、简便,可用于矿石样品中铑的日常分析。本研究对铑资源勘探开采及铑矿物的综合利用研究具有重要意义。